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In the emergent realm of quantum computing, the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) stands out as a promising algorithm for solving complex quantum problems, especially in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-13 Subhasree Bhattacharjee , Soumyadip Sarkar , Kunal Das , Bikramjit Sarkar

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) protocols have provably exponential bounds on the cost scaling; however, exploring which regimes QEM can recover usable results is still of sizable interest. The expected absence of complete error correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-12 Ugnė Liaubaitė , S. E. Skelton

In this work, we study and improve two leading error mitigation techniques, namely Probabilistic Error Cancellation (PEC) and Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE), for estimating the expectation value of local observables. For PEC, we introduce a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-14 Minh C. Tran , Kunal Sharma , Kristan Temme

We present a simple, malleable and low-overhead approach for improving generic biased quantum error mitigation (QEM) methods, achieving up to 15% fidelity improvements over standard QEM on 100-qubit circuits with up to 2000 entangling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Joseph Harris , Kevin Lively , Peter Schuhmacher

As quantum computing advances towards practical applications, reducing errors remains a crucial frontier for developing near-term devices. Errors in the quantum gates and quantum state readout could result in noisy circuits, which would…

Error mitigation is essential for unlocking the full potential of quantum algorithms and accelerating the timeline toward quantum advantage. As quantum hardware progresses to push the boundaries of classical simulation, efficient and robust…

Accurate assessment and management of errors is indispensable for extracting useful results from noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. In this work, we propose the qubit error probability (QEP), a device specific metric that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-25 Nahual Sobrino , Unai Aseginolaza , Joaquim Jornet-Somoza , Juan Borge

Error mitigation techniques are crucial to achieving near-term quantum advantage. Classical post-processing of quantum computation outcomes is a popular approach for error mitigation, which includes methods such as Zero Noise Extrapolation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Maksym Prodius , Piotr Czarnik , Michael McKerns , Andrew T. Sornborger , Lukasz Cincio

As a crossover frontier of physics and mechanics, quantum computing is showing its great potential in computational mechanics. However, quantum hardware noise remains a critical barrier to achieving accurate simulation results due to the…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Zengtao Kuang , Yongchun Xu , Qun Huang , Jie Yang , Chafik El Kihal , Heng Hu

Variational quantum algorithms have emerged as a cornerstone of contemporary quantum algorithms research. Practical implementations of these algorithms, despite offering certain levels of robustness against systematic errors, show a decline…

Due to the numerous limitations of current quantum devices, quantum error mitigation methods become potential solutions for realizing practical quantum applications in the near term. Zero-Noise Extrapolation (ZNE) and Clifford Data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Wenbo Shi , Neel Kanth Kundu , Robert Malaney

Two schemes are presented that mitigate the effect of errors and decoherence in short depth quantum circuits. The size of the circuits for which these techniques can be applied is limited by the rate at which the errors in the computation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-08 Kristan Temme , Sergey Bravyi , Jay M. Gambetta

With sub-threshold quantum error correction on quantum hardware still out of reach, quantum error mitigation methods are currently deemed an attractive option for implementing certain applications on near-term noisy quantum devices. One…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-01 Wenbo Shi , Robert Malaney

Product formulae are a popular class of digital quantum simulation algorithms due to their conceptual simplicity, low overhead, and performance which often exceeds theoretical expectations. Recently, Richardson extrapolation and polynomial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 James D. Watson , Jacob Watkins

Richardson extrapolation is a classical technique from numerical analysis that can improve the approximation error of an estimation method by combining linearly several estimates obtained from different values of one of its hyperparameters,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Francis Bach

Distilling precise estimates from noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) data has recently attracted considerable attention. In order to augment digital qubit metrics, such as gate fidelity, we discuss analog error mitigability, i.e. the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-15 J. W. O. Garmon , R. C. Pooser , E. F. Dumitrescu

Zero-noise extrapolation provides an especially useful error mitigation method for noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices. Our analysis, based on matrix product density operators, of the transverse-field Ising model with depolarizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Younes Javanmard , Ugne Liaubaite , Tobias J. Osborne , Luis Santos

Our study demonstrates successful error mitigation of indistinguishability-related noise in a quantum photonic processor through the application of the zero-noise extrapolation technique. By measuring observable values at different error…

Noise in existing quantum processors only enables an approximation to ideal quantum computation. However, these approximations can be vastly improved by error mitigation, for the computation of expectation values, as shown by small-scale…

Error mitigation is essential for extracting reliable results from quantum computations performed on noisy intermediate-scale quantum hardware. Here we introduce Noise-Robust Estimation (NRE), a noise-agnostic framework that suppresses…