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Trainings of Large Language Models are generally bottlenecked by matrix multiplications. In the Transformer architecture, a large portion of these operations happens in the Feed Forward Network (FFN), and this portion increases for larger…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Meghana Madhyastha , Daniel Haziza , Jesse Cai , Newsha Ardalani , Zhiqi Bu , Carole-Jean Wu

AI models are increasing in size and recent advancement in the community has shown that unlike HPC applications where double precision datatype are required, lower-precision datatypes such as fp8 or int4 are sufficient to bring the same…

Performance · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Saeed Maleki

Learning a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is hard when the number of parameters is too large given the amount of available data. As a remedy, we propose restricting the GMM to a Gaussian Markov Random Field Mixture Model (GMRF-MM), as well as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Shahaf E. Finder , Eran Treister , Oren Freifeld

The advancements of hardware technology in recent years has brought many possibilities for low-precision applications. However, the use of low precision can introduce significant computational errors, posing a considerable challenge to…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Hongyaoxing Gu

Large Language Models (LLMs) today are powerful problem solvers across many domains, and they continue to get stronger as they scale in model size, training set size, and training set quality, as shown by extensive research and…

General Matrix Multiplication (GEMM) is a fundamental operation widely used in scientific computations. Its performance and accuracy significantly impact the performance and accuracy of applications that depend on it. One such application…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Fumiya Kono , Naohito Nakasato , Maho Nakata

LLM training is resource-intensive. Quantized training improves computational and memory efficiency but introduces quantization noise, which can hinder convergence and degrade model accuracy. Stochastic Rounding (SR) has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Taowen Liu , Marta Andronic , Deniz Gündüz , George A. Constantinides

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across various tasks, but the escalating demands on computational resources pose significant challenges, particularly in the extensive utilization of full fine-tuning for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Jia-Hong Huang , Yixian Shen , Hongyi Zhu , Stevan Rudinac , Evangelos Kanoulas

Training large language models is an expensive, compute-bound process that must be repeated as models scale, algorithms improve, and new data is collected. To address this, next-generation hardware accelerators increasingly support…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Huangyuan Su , Mujin Kwun , Stephanie Gil , Sham Kakade , Nikhil Anand

Large language models (LLMs) face significant inference latency due to inefficiencies in GEMM operations, weight access, and KV cache access, especially in real-time scenarios. This highlights the need for a versatile compute-memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Huizheng Wang , Zichuan Wang , Zhiheng Yue , Yousheng Long , Taiquan Wei , Jianxun Yang , Yang Wang , Chao Li , Shaojun Wei , Yang Hu , Shouyi Yin

The growing computational demands of training large language models (LLMs) necessitate more efficient methods. Quantized training presents a promising solution by enabling low-bit arithmetic operations to reduce these costs. While FP8…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ruizhe Wang , Yeyun Gong , Xiao Liu , Guoshuai Zhao , Ziyue Yang , Baining Guo , Zhengjun Zha , Peng Cheng

Training LLMs presents significant memory challenges due to growing size of data, weights, and optimizer states. Techniques such as data and model parallelism, gradient checkpointing, and offloading strategies address this issue but are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Arijit Das

Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) are a standard tool in data analysis. However, they face problems when applied to high-dimensional data (e.g., images) due to the size of the required full covariance matrices (CMs), whereas the use of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Alexander Gepperth

Training large-scale Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models is bottlenecked by activation memory and expert-parallel communication, yet FP4 training remains impractical on Hopper-class GPUs without native MXFP4 or NVFP4 support. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Wuyue Zhang , Chongdong Huang , Chunbo You , Cheng Gu , Fengjuan Wang , Mou Sun

The immense computational cost of training Large Language Models (LLMs) presents a major barrier to innovation. While FP8 training offers a promising solution with significant theoretical efficiency gains, its widespread adoption has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Wenjun Wang , Shuo Cai , Congkai Xie , Mingfa Feng , Yiming Zhang , Zhen Li , Kejing Yang , Ming Li , Jiannong Cao , Hongxia Yang

In this project, we have successfully designed, implemented, deployed and tested a novel FPGA accelerated algorithm for neural network training. The algorithm itself was developed in an independent study option. This training method is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Seyedeh Niusha Alavi Foumani , Ce Guo , Wayne Luk

Recently there has been significant interest in training machine-learning models at low precision: by reducing precision, one can reduce computation and communication by one order of magnitude. We examine training at reduced precision, both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Hantian Zhang , Jerry Li , Kaan Kara , Dan Alistarh , Ji Liu , Ce Zhang

Reduced-precision data formats are crucial for cost-effective serving of large language models (LLMs). While numerous reduced-precision formats have been introduced thus far, they often require intrusive modifications to the software…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Jungi Lee , Junyong Park , Soohyun Cha , Jaehoon Cho , Jaewoong Sim

In this work, we introduce a novel approach for optimizing LLM training by adjusting learning rates across weights of different components in Transformer models. Traditional methods often apply a uniform learning rate across all network…

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) presents significant memory challenges, predominantly due to the growing size of weights and optimizer states. Common memory-reduction approaches, such as low-rank adaptation (LoRA), add a trainable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jiawei Zhao , Zhenyu Zhang , Beidi Chen , Zhangyang Wang , Anima Anandkumar , Yuandong Tian