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Large language models (LLMs) often struggle with knowledge-intensive tasks due to hallucinations and outdated parametric knowledge. While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses this by integrating external corpora, its effectiveness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Su Dong , Qinggang Zhang , Yilin Xiao , Shengyuan Chen , Chuang Zhou , Xiao Huang

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by integrating up-to-date external knowledge, yet real-world web environments present unique challenges. These limitations manifest as two key challenges: pervasive…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuqin Dai , Shuo Yang , Guoqing Wang , Yong Deng , Zhanwei Zhang , Jun Yin , Pengyu Zeng , Zhenzhe Ying , Changhua Meng , Can Yi , Yuchen Zhou , Weiqiang Wang , Shuai Lu

Parametric language models (LMs), which are trained on vast amounts of web data, exhibit remarkable flexibility and capability. However, they still face practical challenges such as hallucinations, difficulty in adapting to new data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Akari Asai , Zexuan Zhong , Danqi Chen , Pang Wei Koh , Luke Zettlemoyer , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Wen-tau Yih

In real-world applications with Large Language Models (LLMs), external retrieval mechanisms - such as Search-Augmented Generation (SAG), tool utilization, and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) - are often employed to enhance the quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Tzu-Lin Kuo , Feng-Ting Liao , Mu-Wei Hsieh , Fu-Chieh Chang , Po-Chun Hsu , Da-Shan Shiu

Recent studies show that large language models (LLMs) struggle with technical standards in telecommunications. We propose a fine-tuned retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system based on the Phi-2 small language model (SLM) to serve as an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Omar Erak , Nouf Alabbasi , Omar Alhussein , Ismail Lotfi , Amr Hussein , Sami Muhaidat , Merouane Debbah

Large Language Models (LLMs) has shown exceptional capabilities in many natual language understanding and generation tasks. However, the personalization issue still remains a much-coveted property, especially when it comes to the multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Hongru Wang , Wenyu Huang , Yang Deng , Rui Wang , Zezhong Wang , Yufei Wang , Fei Mi , Jeff Z. Pan , Kam-Fai Wong

Recent studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) exhibit significant biases in evaluation tasks, particularly in preferentially rating and favoring self-generated content. However, the extent to which this bias manifests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yen-Shan Chen , Jing Jin , Peng-Ting Kuo , Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

Retrieval-Augmented Language Models boost task performance, owing to the retriever that provides external knowledge. Although crucial, the retriever primarily focuses on semantics relevance, which may not always be effective for generation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yilong Xu , Jinhua Gao , Xiaoming Yu , Yuanhai Xue , Baolong Bi , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) was introduced to enhance the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) beyond their encoded prior knowledge. This is achieved by providing LLMs with an external source of knowledge, which helps…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Hazem Amamou , Stéphane Gagnon , Alan Davoust , Anderson R. Avila

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is typically optimized for topical relevance, yet its success ultimately depends on whether retrieved passages are useful for a large language model (LLM) to generate correct and complete answers. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Hengran Zhang , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo , Jiaming Zhang , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xueqi Cheng

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) integrates external knowledge with Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance factual correctness and mitigate hallucination. However, dense retrievers often become the bottleneck of RAG systems due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yuan Li , Qi Luo , Xiaonan Li , Bufan Li , Qinyuan Cheng , Bo Wang , Yining Zheng , Yuxin Wang , Zhangyue Yin , Xipeng Qiu

Augmenting Large Language Models (LLMs) with information retrieval capabilities (i.e., Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG)) has proven beneficial for knowledge-intensive tasks. However, understanding users' contextual search intent when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Nirmal Roy , Leonardo F. R. Ribeiro , Rexhina Blloshmi , Kevin Small

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems are emerging as a key approach for grounding Large Language Models (LLMs) in external knowledge, addressing limitations in factual accuracy and contextual relevance. However, there is a lack of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Md Toufique Hasan , Muhammad Waseem , Kai-Kristian Kemell , Ayman Asad Khan , Mika Saari , Pekka Abrahamsson

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) heralds a pivotal shift in online user interactions with information. Traditional Information Retrieval (IR) systems primarily relied on query-document matching, whereas LLMs excel in comprehending…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Samira Ghodratnama , Mehrdad Zakershahrak

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive ability in generation and reasoning tasks but struggle with handling up-to-date knowledge, leading to inaccuracies or hallucinations. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ziting Wang , Haitao Yuan , Wei Dong , Gao Cong , Feifei Li

Generative language models often struggle with specialized or less-discussed knowledge. A potential solution is found in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) models which act like retrieving information before generating responses. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Mehrdad Farahani , Richard Johansson

Conducting a comprehensive literature review is crucial for advancing circuit design methodologies. However, the rapid influx of state-of-the-art research, inconsistent data representation, and the complexity of optimizing circuit design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Pravallika Abbineni , Saoud Aldowaish , Colin Liechty , Soroosh Noorzad , Ali Ghazizadeh , Morteza Fayazi

In-Context Learning (ICL) enables Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform new tasks by conditioning on prompts with relevant information. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances ICL by incorporating retrieved documents into the LLM's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Marie Al Ghossein , Emile Contal , Alexandre Robicquet

There is vivid research on adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform a variety of tasks in high-stakes domains such as healthcare. Despite their popularity, there is a lack of understanding of the extent and contributing factors that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Anand Subramanian , Viktor Schlegel , Abhinav Ramesh Kashyap , Thanh-Tung Nguyen , Vijay Prakash Dwivedi , Stefan Winkler

In-context learning has recently been linked to implicit gradient descent in linear self-attention models, suggesting that context can induce a forward-pass update. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) also relies on context, but retrieved…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Mingchen Li , Jiatan Huang , Chuxu Zhang , Liang Zhao , Hong Yu