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User simulators are essential for the scalable training and evaluation of interactive AI systems. However, existing approaches often rely on shallow user profiling, struggle to maintain persona consistency over long interactions, and are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Zihao Liu , Hantao Zhou , Jiguo Li , Jun Xu , Jiuchong Gao , Jinghua Hao , Renqing He , Peng Wang

LLM-based user simulation is the primary mechanism for end-to-end agent evaluation, yet simulated users are poor proxies for real humans: unconstrained LLM defaults produce a Formalism Ceiling (style match rates of 6-8% against real users),…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ming Zhu , Juntao Tan , Rithesh Murthy , Jielin Qiu , Liangwei Yang , Wenting Zhao , Silvio Savarese , Shelby Heinecke , Huan Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) personas with explicit specifications of attributes, background, and behavioural tendencies are increasingly used to simulate human conversations for tasks such as user modeling, social reasoning, and behavioural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Eliseo Bao , Anxo Perez , Xi Wang , Javier Parapar

A hallmark of modern large language models (LLMs) is their impressive general zero-shot and few-shot abilities, often elicited through in-context learning (ICL) via prompting. However, while highly coveted and being the most general,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Xingchen Wan , Ruoxi Sun , Hootan Nakhost , Hanjun Dai , Julian Martin Eisenschlos , Sercan O. Arik , Tomas Pfister

In this study, we explore the application of Large Language Models (LLMs) for generating synthetic users and simulating user conversations with a task-oriented dialogue system and present detailed results and their analysis. We propose a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Adnan Ahmad , Stefan Hillmann , Sebastian Möller

In this paper, we explore the problem of developing personalized chatbots. A personalized chatbot is designed as a digital chatting assistant for a user. The key characteristic of a personalized chatbot is that it should have a consistent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Hongjin Qian , Zhicheng Dou , Yutao Zhu , Yueyuan Ma , Ji-Rong Wen

CTR prediction plays a vital role in recommender systems. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have been applied in recommender systems due to their emergence abilities. While leveraging semantic information from LLMs has shown some…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Chenxu Zhu , Shigang Quan , Bo Chen , Jianghao Lin , Xiaoling Cai , Hong Zhu , Xiangyang Li , Yunjia Xi , Weinan Zhang , Ruiming Tang

The future of conversational agents will provide users with personalized information responses. However, a significant challenge in developing models is the lack of large-scale dialogue datasets that span multiple sessions and reflect…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Hideaki Joko , Shubham Chatterjee , Andrew Ramsay , Arjen P. de Vries , Jeff Dalton , Faegheh Hasibi

Large language models are increasingly deployed in multi-turn settings such as tutoring, support, and counseling, where reliability depends on preserving consistent roles, personas, and goals across long horizons. This requirement becomes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Han Luo , Guy Laban

Personalized alignment is essential for enabling large language models (LLMs) to engage effectively in user-centric dialogue. While recent prompt-based and offline optimization methods offer preliminary solutions, they fall short in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Weixiang Zhao , Xingyu Sui , Yulin Hu , Jiahe Guo , Haixiao Liu , Biye Li , Yanyan Zhao , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Humans act via a nuanced process that depends both on rational deliberation and also on identity and contextual factors. In this work, we study how large language models (LLMs) can simulate human action in the context of social dilemma…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Suhong Moon , Minwoo Kang , Joseph Suh , Mustafa Safdari , John Canny

Dialogue systems and large language models (LLMs) have gained considerable attention. However, the direct utilization of LLMs as task-oriented dialogue (TOD) models has been found to underperform compared to smaller task-specific models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Zhiyuan Hu , Yue Feng , Anh Tuan Luu , Bryan Hooi , Aldo Lipani

We propose Love First, Know Later: a paradigm shift in computational matching that simulates interactions first, then assesses compatibility. Instead of comparing static profiles, our framework leverages LLMs as text world engines that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Haoyang Shang , Zhengyang Yan , Xuan Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in role-playing scenarios, particularly in simulating domain-specific experts using tailored prompts. This ability enables LLMs to adopt the persona of individuals with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Xinyao Ma , Rui Zhu , Zihao Wang , Jingwei Xiong , Qingyu Chen , Haixu Tang , L. Jean Camp , Lucila Ohno-Machado

Impressive progress has been made in automated problem-solving by the collaboration of large language model (LLM) based agents. However, these automated capabilities also open avenues for malicious applications. In this paper, we study a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yuntao Du , Zitao Li , Bolin Ding , Yaliang Li , Hanshen Xiao , Jingren Zhou , Ninghui Li

Embodied agents designed to assist users with tasks must engage in natural language interactions, interpret instructions, execute actions, and communicate effectively to resolve issues. However, collecting large-scale, diverse datasets of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Daniel Philipov , Vardhan Dongre , Gokhan Tur , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

Tools for analyzing character portrayal in fiction are valuable for writers and literary scholars in developing and interpreting compelling stories. Existing tools, such as visualization tools for analyzing fictional characters, primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Brandon Jaipersaud , Zining Zhu , Frank Rudzicz , Elliot Creager

User modeling (UM) aims to discover patterns or learn representations from user data about the characteristics of a specific user, such as profile, preference, and personality. The user models enable personalization and suspiciousness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Zhaoxuan Tan , Meng Jiang

This research focuses on using large language models (LLMs) to simulate social experiments, exploring their ability to emulate human personality in virtual persona role-playing. The research develops an end-to-end evaluation framework,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Yuqi Bai , Tianyu Huang , Kun Sun , Yuting Chen

Conversational Recommender Systems (CRSs) engage users in multi-turn interactions to deliver personalized recommendations. The emergence of large language models (LLMs) further enhances these systems by enabling more natural and dynamic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Xiaoyan Zhao , Yang Deng , Wenjie Wang , Hongzhan lin , Hong Cheng , Rui Zhang , See-Kiong Ng , Tat-Seng Chua