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Game-theoretic approaches are envisioned to bring human-like reasoning skills and decision-making processes for autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, challenges including game complexity and incomplete information still remain to be addressed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-01 Mushuang Liu , H. Eric Tseng , Dimitar Filev , Anouck Girard , Ilya Kolmanovsky

Three generations of software have transformed the role of artificial intelligence in society. In the first, programmers wrote explicit logic; in the second, neural networks learned programs from data; in the third, large language models…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Thomas Bartz-Beielstein

What constitutes human creativity, and is it possible for computers to exhibit genuine creativity? We argue that achieving human-level intelligence in computers, or so-called Artificial General Intelligence, necessitates attaining also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Solve Sæbø , Helge Brovold

Most games have, or can be generalised to have, a number of parameters that may be varied in order to provide instances of games that lead to very different player experiences. The space of possible parameter settings can be seen as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-03-21 Jialin Liu , Julian Togelius , Diego Perez-Liebana , Simon M. Lucas

An essential element of human mathematical reasoning is our number sense -- an abstract understanding of numbers and their relationships -- which allows us to solve problems involving vast number spaces using limited computational…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Roussel Rahman

Social deduction games like Werewolf combine language, reasoning, and strategy, providing a testbed for studying natural language and social intelligence. However, most studies reduce the game to LLM-based self-play, yielding templated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zirui Song , Yuan Huang , Junchang Liu , Haozhe Luo , Chenxi Wang , Lang Gao , Zixiang Xu , Mingfei Han , Xiaojun Chang , Xiuying Chen

High-level reasoning can be defined as the capability to generalize over knowledge acquired via experience, and to exhibit robust behavior in novel situations. Such form of reasoning is a basic skill in humans, who seamlessly use it in a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Alessandro Oltramari

Artificial general intelligence (AGI) refers to research aimed at tackling the full problem of artificial intelligence, that is, create truly intelligent agents. This sets it apart from most AI research which aims at solving relatively…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-09-08 Tom Schaul , Julian Togelius , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Few classical games have been regarded as such significant benchmarks of artificial intelligence as to have justified training costs in the millions of dollars. Among these, Stratego -- a board wargame exemplifying the challenge of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Samuel Sokota , Eugene Vinitsky , Hengyuan Hu , J. Zico Kolter , Gabriele Farina

Evaluating the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) has traditionally relied on static benchmark datasets, human assessments, or model-based evaluations - methods that often suffer from overfitting, high costs, and biases.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Haidar Khan , Hisham A. Alyahya , Yazeed Alnumay , M Saiful Bari , Bülent Yener

As artificial intelligence systems become increasingly prevalent in education, a fundamental challenge emerges: how can we verify if an AI truly understands how students think and reason? Traditional evaluation methods like measuring…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shashank Sonkar , Naiming Liu , Xinghe Chen , Richard G. Baraniuk

Despite rapid progress on AI benchmarks, the real-world meaning of benchmark performance remains unclear. To quantify the capabilities of AI systems in terms of human capabilities, we propose a new metric: 50%-task-completion time horizon.…

In this paper, we propose a new approach to building a artificial general intelligence with self awareness, which includes: (1) a new method to implement attention mechanisms; (2) a way to give machines self-demands; (3) how to form a value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Yongcong Chen , Ting Zeng , Xingyue Chen

We present an alternative methodology for the analysis of algorithms, based on the concept of expected discounted reward. This methodology naturally handles algorithms that do not always terminate, so it can (theoretically) be used with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Andrew MacFie

The overarching problem in artificial intelligence (AI) is that we do not understand the intelligence process well enough to enable the development of adequate computational models. Much work has been done in AI over the years at lower…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Paul Yaworsky

This paper develops a unified framework for evaluating the optimal degree of task automation. Moving beyond binary automate-or-not assessments, we model automation intensity as a continuous choice in which firms minimize costs by selecting…

General Economics · Economics 2026-04-01 Wensu Li , Atin Aboutorabi , Harry Lyu , Kaizhi Qian , Martin Fleming , Brian C. Goehring , Neil Thompson

People often optimize for long-term goals in collaboration: A mentor or companion doesn't just answer questions, but also scaffolds learning, tracks progress, and prioritizes the other person's growth over immediate results. In contrast,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Grace Liu , Brian Christian , Tsvetomira Dumbalska , Michiel A. Bakker , Rachit Dubey

Games have long been a microcosm for studying planning and reasoning in both natural and artificial intelligence, especially with a focus on expert-level or even super-human play. But real life also pushes human intelligence along a…

Artificial intelligence risks are multidimensional in nature, as the same risk scenarios may have legal, operational, and financial risk dimensions. With the emergence of new AI regulations, the state of the art of artificial intelligence…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Luis Enriquez Alvarez

AI technology has a long history which is actively and constantly changing and growing. It focuses on intelligent agents, which contain devices that perceive the environment and based on which takes actions in order to maximize goal success…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-04-05 Jahanzaib Shabbir , Tarique Anwer