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The emergence of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has increased interest in their use as therapists to address mental health challenges and the widespread lack of access to care. However, experts have emphasized the critical need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Yu Ying Chiu , Ashish Sharma , Inna Wanyin Lin , Tim Althoff

The study of multimodal interaction in therapy can yield a comprehensive understanding of therapist and patient behavior that can be used to develop a multimodal virtual agent supporting therapy. This investigation aims to uncover how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Lucie Galland , Catherine Pelachaud , Florian Pecune

Clinical psychology students frequently report feeling underprepared for the interpersonal demands of therapeutic work, highlighting the need for accessible opportunities to practise core counselling skills before seeing real clients.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 V. El Sawah , A. Bhardwaj , A. Pryke-Hobbes , D. Gamaleldin , C. S. Ang , A. K. Martin

Virtual and robotic agents capable of perceiving human empathy have the potential to participate in engaging and meaningful human-machine interactions that support human well-being. Prior research in computational empathy has focused on…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Leena Mathur , Micol Spitale , Hao Xi , Jieyun Li , Maja J Matarić

Counseling typically takes the form of spoken conversation between a therapist and a client. The empathy level expressed by the therapist is considered to be an essential quality factor of counseling outcome. This paper proposes a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-29 Dehua Tao , Tan Lee , Harold Chui , Sarah Luk

The increasing demand for mental health services has outpaced the availability of real training data to develop clinical professionals, leading to limited support for the diagnosis of depression. This shortage has motivated the development…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xi Wang , Anxo Perez , Javier Parapar , Fabio Crestani

Psychological counseling is a fundamentally multimodal cognitive process in which clinicians integrate verbal content with visual and vocal cues to infer clients' mental states and respond empathically. However, most existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Jiangnan Yang , Junjie Chen , Fei Wang , Yiqi Nie , Yuxin Liu , Zhangling Duan , Jie Chen

Socioemotional and regulation processes in learning are important. We add to the understanding of previous work on co-regulation processes in the learning sciences, extending the caregiver-child paradigm and focusing on the teacher-student…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Chirag Bhuvaneshwara , Lara Chehayeb , Alexander Haberl , Julius Siedentopf , Patrick Gebhard , Dimitra Tsovaltzi

Large language models (LLMs) present new opportunities for creating pedagogical agents that engage in meaningful dialogue to support student learning. However, current LLM systems used in classrooms often lack the solid theoretical…

Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) are essential for medical training, but they require significant resources, including professional actors and expert medical feedback. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have introduced…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Henrik Voigt , Yurina Sugamiya , Kai Lawonn , Sina Zarrieß , Atsuo Takanishi

This paper argues that Large Language Models (LLMs) should incorporate explicit mechanisms for human empathy. As LLMs become increasingly deployed in high-stakes human-centered settings, their success depends not only on correctness or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiaoxing You , Qiang Huang , Jun Yu

Counseling is carried out as spoken conversation between a therapist and a client. The empathy level expressed by the therapist is considered an important index of the quality of counseling and often assessed by an observer or the client.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-24 Dehua Tao , Tan Lee , Harold Chui , Sarah Luk

Conversational agents are increasingly used as support tools along mental therapeutic pathways with significant societal impacts. In particular, empathy is a key non-functional requirement in therapeutic contexts, yet current chatbot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Francesco Dettori , Matteo Forasassi , Lorenzo Veronese , Livia Lestingi , Vincenzo Scotti , Matteo Giovanni Rossi

Patient simulators are gaining traction in mental health training by providing scalable exposure to complex and sensitive patient interactions. Simulating depressed patients is particularly challenging, as safety constraints and high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Nguyen Khoi Hoang , Shuhaib Mehri , Tse-An Hsu , Yi-Jyun Sun , Quynh Xuan Nguyen Truong , Khoa D Doan , Dilek Hakkani-Tür

Health coaching helps patients identify and accomplish lifestyle-related goals, effectively improving the control of chronic diseases and mitigating mental health conditions. However, health coaching is cost-prohibitive due to its highly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yue Zhou , Barbara Di Eugenio , Brian Ziebart , Lisa Sharp , Bing Liu , Ben Gerber , Nikolaos Agadakos , Shweta Yadav

Automated real-time evaluation of counselor-client interaction is important for ensuring quality counseling but the rules are difficult to articulate. Recent advancements in machine learning methods show the possibility of learning such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Anqi Li , Jingsong Ma , Lizhi Ma , Pengfei Fang , Hongliang He , Zhenzhong Lan

Intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) that imitate human tutors and aim to provide immediate and customized instructions or feedback to learners have shown their effectiveness in education. With the emergence of generative artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Zhengyuan Liu , Stella Xin Yin , Carolyn Lee , Nancy F. Chen

In mental health counseling, a variety of earlier studies have focused on dialogue modeling. However, most of these studies give limited to no emphasis on the quality of interaction between a patient and a therapist. The therapeutic bond…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Aseem Srivastava , Zuhair Hasan Shaik , Tanmoy Chakraborty , Md Shad Akhtar

User simulation is a promising approach for automatically training and evaluating conversational information access agents, enabling the generation of synthetic dialogues and facilitating reproducible experiments at scale. However, the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Nolwenn Bernard , Krisztian Balog

Previous research on empathetic dialogue systems has mostly focused on generating responses given certain emotions. However, being empathetic not only requires the ability of generating emotional responses, but more importantly, requires…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Zhaojiang Lin , Andrea Madotto , Jamin Shin , Peng Xu , Pascale Fung