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The rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has transformed the landscape of natural language processing. Evaluating LLMs properly is crucial for understanding their potential and addressing concerns such as safety. However, LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Rahmatullah Musawi , Sheng Lu

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are pre-trained on ultra-large-scale corpora, the problem of data contamination is becoming increasingly serious, and there is a risk that static evaluation benchmarks overestimate the performance of LLMs. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yang Fan

Large language models are increasingly trained on all the data ever produced by humans. Many have raised concerns about the trustworthiness of public benchmarks due to potential contamination in pre-training or fine-tuning datasets. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Shuo Yang , Wei-Lin Chiang , Lianmin Zheng , Joseph E. Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

Benchmark contamination refers to the presence of test datasets in Large Language Model (LLM) pre-training or post-training data. Contamination can lead to inflated scores on benchmarks, compromising evaluation results and making it…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Sanchit Ahuja , Varun Gumma , Sunayana Sitaram

Existing evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) on static benchmarks is vulnerable to data contamination and leaderboard overfitting, critical issues that obscure true model capabilities. To address this, we introduce LLMEval-Fair, a…

Test set contamination, wherein test data from a benchmark ends up in a newer model's training set, is a well-documented obstacle for fair LLM evaluation and can quickly render benchmarks obsolete. To mitigate this, many recent benchmarks…

Data contamination poses a significant threat to the reliable evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs). This issue arises when benchmark samples may inadvertently appear in training sets, compromising the validity of reported performance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Yongding Tao , Tian Wang , Yihong Dong , Huanyu Liu , Kechi Zhang , Xiaolong Hu , Ge Li

The rapid progress of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) calls for more reliable evaluation protocols. Existing static benchmarks suffer from the potential risk of data contamination and saturation, leading to inflated or misleading…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Junzhe Zhang , Huixuan Zhang , Xiaojun Wan

In this paper, we tackle a critical challenge in model evaluation: how to keep code benchmarks useful when models might have already seen them during training. We introduce a novel solution, dynamic benchmarking framework, to address this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Batu Guan , Xiao Wu , Yuanyuan Yuan , Shaohua Li

The rapid adoption of LLMs in both research and industry highlights the challenges of deploying them safely and reveals a gap in the systematic evaluation of toxicity benchmarks. As organizations increasingly rely on these benchmarks to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Regina Gugg , Selina Niederländer , Andreas Stöckl , Martin Flechl

We present a new approach for benchmarking Large Language Model (LLM) capabilities on research-level mathematics. Existing benchmarks largely rely on static, hand-curated sets of contest or textbook-style problems as proxies for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Antoine Peyronnet , Fabian Gloeckle , Amaury Hayat

Data contamination in model evaluation has become increasingly prevalent with the growing popularity of large language models. It allows models to "cheat" via memorisation instead of displaying true capabilities. Therefore, contamination…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Yucheng Li , Frank Guerin , Chenghua Lin

Publishing a large language model (LLM) benchmark on the Internet risks contaminating future LLMs: the benchmark may be unintentionally (or intentionally) used to train or select a model. A common mitigation is to keep the benchmark private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Takashi Ishida , Thanawat Lodkaew , Ikko Yamane

Benchmark-based evaluation is the de facto standard for comparing large language models (LLMs). However, its reliability is increasingly threatened by test set contamination, where test samples or their close variants leak into training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Jianzhe Chai , Yu Zhe , Jun Sakuma

In recent years, with the rapid development of the depth and breadth of large language models' capabilities, various corresponding evaluation benchmarks have been emerging in increasing numbers. As a quantitative assessment tool for model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Shiwen Ni , Guhong Chen , Shuaimin Li , Xuanang Chen , Siyi Li , Bingli Wang , Qiyao Wang , Xingjian Wang , Yifan Zhang , Liyang Fan , Chengming Li , Ruifeng Xu , Le Sun , Min Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made progress in various real-world tasks, which stimulates requirements for the evaluation of LLMs. Existing LLM evaluation methods are mainly supervised signal-based which depends on static datasets and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Jiatong Li , Rui Li , Qi Liu

The rapid evolution of large language models (LLMs) has transformed conversational agents, enabling complex human-machine interactions. However, evaluation frameworks often focus on single tasks, failing to capture the dynamic nature of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Pietro Alessandro Aluffi , Patrick Zietkiewicz , Marya Bazzi , Matt Arderne , Vladimirs Murevics

The recent development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been accompanied by an effervescence of novel ideas and methods to better optimize the loss of deep learning models. Claims from those methods are myriad: from faster convergence to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Andrei Semenov , Matteo Pagliardini , Martin Jaggi

Benchmark datasets are critical for reproducible, reliable, and discriminative evaluation of LLMs. However, recent studies reveal that many benchmark datasets are included in pretraining corpora, i.e., $\textit{contaminated}$, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Al-Lawati , Jason Lucas , Dongwon Lee , Suhang Wang

Recent advances in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance on numerous benchmark tasks. However, the use of internet-scale, often proprietary, pretraining corpora raises a critical concern for both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jaden Park , Mu Cai , Feng Yao , Jingbo Shang , Soochahn Lee , Yong Jae Lee