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While large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable success in multilingual translation, their internal core translation mechanisms, even at the fundamental word level, remain insufficiently understood. To address this critical gap,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Hongbin Zhang , Kehai Chen , Xuefeng Bai , Xiucheng Li , Yang Xiang , Min Zhang

Cross-lingual alignment, the meaningful similarity of representations across languages in multilingual language models, has been an active field of research in recent years. We survey the literature of techniques to improve cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Katharina Hämmerl , Jindřich Libovický , Alexander Fraser

The successful adaptation of multilingual language models (LMs) to a specific language-task pair critically depends on the availability of data tailored for that condition. While cross-lingual transfer (XLT) methods have contributed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Seong Hoon Lim , Taejun Yun , Jinhyeon Kim , Jihun Choi , Taeuk Kim

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) for machine translation has shown improvements in overall translation quality. However, it is unclear what is the impact of fine-tuning on desirable LLM behaviors that are not present in neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 David Stap , Eva Hasler , Bill Byrne , Christof Monz , Ke Tran

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising results on machine translation for high resource language pairs and domains. However, in specialised domains (e.g. medical) LLMs have shown lower performance compared to standard neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Miguel Rios

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer transformative potential for Modeling & Simulation (M&S) through natural language interfaces that simplify workflows. However, over-reliance risks compromising quality due to ambiguities, logical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Philippe J. Giabbanelli , John Beverley , Istvan David , Andreas Tolk

Recently, Language Models (LMs) instruction-tuned on multiple tasks, also known as multitask-prompted fine-tuning (MT), have shown the capability to generalize to unseen tasks. Previous work has shown that scaling the number of training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Joel Jang , Seungone Kim , Seonghyeon Ye , Doyoung Kim , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , Kyungjae Lee , Minjoon Seo

Weight-space model merging combines independently fine-tuned models without accessing original training data, offering a practical alternative to joint training. While merging succeeds in multitask settings, its behavior in multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Baban Gain , Asif Ekbal , Trilok Nath Singh

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities across diverse languages. This study explores how LLMs handle multilingualism. Based on observed language ratio shifts among layers and the relationships between network…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Yiran Zhao , Wenxuan Zhang , Guizhen Chen , Kenji Kawaguchi , Lidong Bing

Multilingual pre-trained models exhibit zero-shot cross-lingual transfer, where a model fine-tuned on a source language achieves surprisingly good performance on a target language. While studies have attempted to understand transfer, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Henry Tang , Ameet Deshpande , Karthik Narasimhan

Large language models (LLMs) are typically multilingual due to pretraining on diverse multilingual corpora. But can these models relate corresponding concepts across languages, i.e., be crosslingual? This study evaluates state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Lynn Chua , Badih Ghazi , Yangsibo Huang , Pritish Kamath , Ravi Kumar , Pasin Manurangsi , Amer Sinha , Chulin Xie , Chiyuan Zhang

As global demand for multilingual large language models (LLMs) grows, most LLMs still remain overly focused on English, leading to the limited access to advanced AI for non-English speakers. Current methods to enhance multilingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Weixiang Zhao , Yulin Hu , Jiahe Guo , Xingyu Sui , Tongtong Wu , Yang Deng , Yanyan Zhao , Bing Qin , Wanxiang Che , Ting Liu

Alignment tuning has enabled large language models to excel in reasoning, instruction-following, and minimizing harmful generations. However, despite their widespread deployment, these models exhibit a monolingual bias, raising concerns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Nikhil Verma , Manasa Bharadwaj

Large language models (LLMs) are typically developed through large-scale pre-training followed by task-specific fine-tuning. Recent advances highlight the importance of an intermediate mid-training stage, where models undergo multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Kaixiang Mo , Yuxin Shi , Weiwei Weng , Zhiqiang Zhou , Shuman Liu , Haibo Zhang , Anxiang Zeng

Large multilingual language models typically share their parameters across all languages, which enables cross-lingual task transfer, but learning can also be hindered when training updates from different languages are in conflict. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Rochelle Choenni , Dan Garrette , Ekaterina Shutova

Cross-lingual word embeddings are becoming increasingly important in multilingual NLP. Recently, it has been shown that these embeddings can be effectively learned by aligning two disjoint monolingual vector spaces through linear…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-28 Yerai Doval , Jose Camacho-Collados , Luis Espinosa-Anke , Steven Schockaert

Cross-lingual transfer learning is an important property of multilingual large language models (LLMs). But how do LLMs represent relationships between languages? Every language model has an input layer that maps tokens to vectors. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Andrea W Wen-Yi , David Mimno

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in understanding visual information with human languages but also exhibit an imbalance in multilingual capabilities. In this work, we delve into the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Yuchun Fan , Yilin Wang , Yongyu Mu , Lei Huang , Bei Li , Xiaocheng Feng , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Cross-lingual text classification leverages text classifiers trained in a high-resource language to perform text classification in other languages with no or minimal fine-tuning (zero/few-shots cross-lingual transfer). Nowadays,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-09 Inigo Jauregi Unanue , Gholamreza Haffari , Massimo Piccardi

Multilingual pre-trained language models (PLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on several downstream tasks for both high-resourced and low-resourced languages. However, there is still a large performance drop for languages unseen…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Jesujoba O. Alabi , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Marius Mosbach , Dietrich Klakow