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Causal discovery from observational data is an important tool in many branches of science. Under certain assumptions it allows scientists to explain phenomena, predict, and make decisions. In the large sample limit, sound and complete…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-07-13 Shami Nisimov , Yaniv Gurwicz , Raanan Y. Rohekar , Gal Novik

Learning from demonstrations (LfD) is an efficient paradigm to train AI agents. But major issues arise when there are differences between (a) the demonstrator's own sensory input, (b) our sensors that observe the demonstrator and (c) the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Jalal Etesami , Philipp Geiger

Causal discovery from observational data is a fundamental task in artificial intelligence, with far-reaching implications for decision-making, predictions, and interventions. Despite significant advances, existing methods can be broadly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Jincheng Zhou , Mengbo Wang , Anqi He , Yumeng Zhou , Hessam Olya , Murat Kocaoglu , Bruno Ribeiro

Causal learning has garnered significant attention in recent years because it reveals the essential relationships that underpin phenomena and delineates the mechanisms by which the world evolves. Nevertheless, traditional causal learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Zizhen Deng , Xiaolong Zheng , Hu Tian , Daniel Dajun Zeng

Understanding causal dependencies in observational data is critical for informing decision-making. These relationships are often modeled as Bayesian Networks (BNs) and Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs). Existing methods, such as NOTEARS and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Hao Zhu , Di Zhou , Donna Slonim

Causal inference can estimate causal effects, but unless data are collected experimentally, statistical analyses must rely on pre-specified causal models. Causal discovery algorithms are empirical methods for constructing such causal models…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-17 Anne Helby Petersen , Joseph Ramsey , Claus Thorn Ekstrøm , Peter Spirtes

Causal discovery, the task of inferring causal structure from data, has the potential to uncover mechanistic insights from biological experiments, especially those involving perturbations. However, causal discovery algorithms over larger…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Menghua Wu , Yujia Bao , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Automated decision support systems promise to help human experts solve multiclass classification tasks more efficiently and accurately. However, existing systems typically require experts to understand when to cede agency to the system or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-03 Eleni Straitouri , Lequn Wang , Nastaran Okati , Manuel Gomez Rodriguez

Learning causal relationships between pairs of complex traits from observational studies is of great interest across various scientific domains. However, most existing methods assume the absence of unmeasured confounding and restrict causal…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-17 Wei Li , Rui Duan , Sai Li

Learning causality from observational data has received increasing interest across various scientific fields. However, most existing methods assume the absence of latent confounders and restrict the underlying causal graph to be acyclic,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-18 Wei Jin , Lang Lang , Amanda B. Spence , Leah H. Rubin , Yanxun Xu

Despite significant progress, recent studies indicate that current large language models (LLMs) may still capture dataset biases and utilize them during inference, leading to the poor generalizability of LLMs. However, due to the diversity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Zhouhao Sun , Xiao Ding , Li Du , Yunpeng Xu , Yixuan Ma , Yang Zhao , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Many real-world decision-making tasks require learning causal relationships between a set of variables. Traditional causal discovery methods, however, require that all variables are observed, which is often not feasible in practical…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-27 Raj Agrawal , Chandler Squires , Neha Prasad , Caroline Uhler

The safe deployment of large language models (LLMs) in high-stakes fields like biomedicine, requires them to be able to reason about cause and effect. We investigate this ability by testing 13 open-source LLMs on a fundamental task:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Sydney Anuyah , Sneha Shajee-Mohan , Ankit-Singh Chauhan , Sunandan Chakraborty

The goal of Causal Discovery is to find automated search methods for learning causal structures from observational data. In some cases all variables of the interested causal mechanism are measured, and the task is to predict the effects one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-11 Shuyan Wang

The PC algorithm learns maximally oriented causal Bayesian networks. However, there is no equivalent complete algorithm for learning the structure of relational models, a more expressive generalization of Bayesian networks. Recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-09-27 Marc Maier , Katerina Marazopoulou , David Arbour , David Jensen

Neural networks have proven to be effective at solving machine learning tasks but it is unclear whether they learn any relevant causal relationships, while their black-box nature makes it difficult for modellers to understand and debug…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Fabrizio Russo , Francesca Toni

We address the problem of estimating causal effects from observational data in the presence of network confounding, a setting where both treatment assignment and observed outcomes of individuals may be influenced by their neighbors within a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Abhishek Dalvi , Neil Ashtekar , Vasant Honavar

This review systematizes the emerging literature for causal inference using deep neural networks under the potential outcomes framework. It provides an intuitive introduction on how deep learning can be used to estimate/predict…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Bernard Koch , Tim Sainburg , Pablo Geraldo , Song Jiang , Yizhou Sun , Jacob Gates Foster

Causal discovery from time series is a fundamental task in machine learning. However, its widespread adoption is hindered by a reliance on untestable causal assumptions and by the lack of robustness-oriented evaluation in existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Huiyang Yi , Xiaojian Shen , Yonggang Wu , Duxin Chen , He Wang , Wenwu Yu

Learning causal structure from observational data is central to scientific modeling and decision-making. Constraint-based methods aim to recover conditional independence (CI) relations in a causal directed acyclic graph (DAG). Classical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ruiqi Lyu , Alistair Turcan , Martin Jinye Zhang , Bryan Wilder