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The construction of most supervised learning datasets revolves around collecting multiple labels for each instance, then aggregating the labels to form a type of "gold-standard". We question the wisdom of this pipeline by developing a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-06-06 Chen Cheng , Hilal Asi , John Duchi

Generative large language models (LLMs) can be a powerful tool for augmenting text annotation procedures, but their performance varies across annotation tasks due to prompt quality, text data idiosyncrasies, and conceptual difficulty.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Nicholas Pangakis , Samuel Wolken , Neil Fasching

Free-text explanations extend human label variation (HLV) beyond label disagreement by revealing the reasoning and preferences behind annotators' decisions. We study whether large language models (LLMs) can learn and reproduce such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Beiduo Chen , Pingjun Hong , Ziyun Zhang , Benjamin Roth , Anna Korhonen , Barbara Plank

Human-annotated data plays a critical role in the fairness of AI systems, including those that deal with life-altering decisions or moderating human-created web/social media content. Conventionally, annotator disagreements are resolved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Sarah Luger , Saloni Poddar , Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh , Christopher M. Homan

Supervised learning, especially supervised deep learning, requires large amounts of labeled data. One approach to collect large amounts of labeled data is by using a crowdsourcing platform where numerous workers perform the annotation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Kosuke Yoshimura , Hisashi Kashima

Learning with noisy labels (LNL) aims at designing strategies to improve model performance and generalization by mitigating the effects of model overfitting to noisy labels. The key success of LNL lies in identifying as many clean samples…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-08 Jichang Li , Guanbin Li , Feng Liu , Yizhou Yu

Due to the expensive costs of collecting labels in multi-label classification datasets, partially annotated multi-label classification has become an emerging field in computer vision. One baseline approach to this task is to assume…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Youngwook Kim , Jae Myung Kim , Jieun Jeong , Cordelia Schmid , Zeynep Akata , Jungwoo Lee

The voting method, an ensemble approach for fundamental frequency estimation, is empirically known for its robustness but lacks thorough investigation. This paper provides a principled analysis and improvement of this technique. First, we…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Junya Koguchi , Tomoki Koriyama

In legal decisions, split votes (SV) occur when judges cannot reach a unanimous decision, posing a difficulty for lawyers who must navigate diverse legal arguments and opinions. In high-stakes domains, understanding the alignment of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Shanshan Xu , T. Y. S. S Santosh , Oana Ichim , Barbara Plank , Matthias Grabmair

Many annotation tasks in natural language processing are highly subjective in that there can be different valid and justified perspectives on what is a proper label for a given example. This also applies to the judgment of argument quality,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Philipp Heinisch , Matthias Orlikowski , Julia Romberg , Philipp Cimiano

The problem of estimating subjective visual properties (SVP) of images (e.g., Shoes A is more comfortable than B) is gaining rising attention. Due to its highly subjective nature, different annotators often exhibit different interpretations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Qianqian Xu , Zhiyong Yang , Yangbangyan Jiang , Xiaochun Cao , Qingming Huang , Yuan Yao

Learning algorithms normally assume that there is at most one annotation or label per data point. However, in some scenarios, such as medical diagnosis and on-line collaboration,multiple annotations may be available. In either case,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-03-19 Yan Yan , Romer Rosales , Glenn Fung , Jennifer Dy

Under label shift, the label distribution p(y) might change but the class-conditional distributions p(x|y) do not. There are two dominant approaches for estimating the label marginal. BBSE, a moment-matching approach based on confusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-20 Saurabh Garg , Yifan Wu , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Zachary C. Lipton

Supervised fine-tuning of large language models relies on human-annotated data, yet annotation pipelines routinely involve multiple crowdworkers of heterogeneous expertise. Standard practice aggregates labels via majority vote or simple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Sajjad Ghiasvand , Mark Beliaev , Mahnoosh Alizadeh , Ramtin Pedarsani

Due to the noises in crowdsourced labels, label aggregation (LA) has emerged as a standard procedure to post-process crowdsourced labels. LA methods estimate true labels from crowdsourced labels by modeling worker qualities. Most existing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Yi Yang , Zhong-Qiu Zhao , Quan Bai , Qing Liu , Weihua Li

Machine learning techniques applied to the Natural Language Processing (NLP) component of conversational agent development show promising results for improved accuracy and quality of feedback that a conversational agent can provide. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Debajyoti Datta , Maria Phillips , Jennifer Chiu , Ginger S. Watson , James P. Bywater , Laura Barnes , Donald Brown

Since data is the fuel that drives machine learning models, and access to labeled data is generally expensive, semi-supervised methods are constantly popular. They enable the acquisition of large datasets without the need for too many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Jędrzej Kozal , Michał Woźniak

Multi-label text classification (MLTC) is the task of assigning multiple labels to a given text, and has a wide range of application domains. Most existing approaches require an enormous amount of annotated data to learn a classifier and/or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Muberra Ozmen , Joseph Cotnareanu , Mark Coates

Voting is a very general method of preference aggregation. A voting rule takes as input every voter's vote (typically, a ranking of the alternatives), and produces as output either just the winning alternative or a ranking of the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-07-09 Vincent Conitzer , Tuomas Sandholm

The deep model training procedure requires large-scale datasets of annotated data. Due to the difficulty of annotating a large number of samples, label noise caused by incorrect annotations is inevitable, resulting in low model performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Fengpeng Li , Kemou Li , Jinyu Tian , Jiantao Zhou