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Deploying large language models (LLMs) is challenging because they are memory inefficient and compute-intensive for practical applications. In reaction, researchers train smaller task-specific models by either finetuning with human labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Cheng-Yu Hsieh , Chun-Liang Li , Chih-Kuan Yeh , Hootan Nakhost , Yasuhisa Fujii , Alexander Ratner , Ranjay Krishna , Chen-Yu Lee , Tomas Pfister

Reasoning-capable large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance on complex tasks but often exhibit overthinking after distillation, generating unnecessarily long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning even for simple inputs and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Feng Luo , Yu-Neng Chuang , Guanchu Wang , Hoang Anh Duy Le , Shaochen Zhong , Hongyi Liu , Jiayi Yuan , Yang Sui , Vladimir Braverman , Vipin Chaudhary , Xia Hu

Reasoning-centric large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance by generating intermediate reasoning trajectories, but often incur excessive token usage and high inference-time decoding cost. We observe that, when solving the same…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Han Yang , Mingyan Wu , Bailan He , Zeyu Cao , Sikuan Yan , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Zifeng Ding

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced the capabilities of artificial intelligence across various domains. However, their massive scale and high computational costs render them unsuitable for direct…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Miao Rang , Zhenni Bi , Hang Zhou , Hanting Chen , An Xiao , Tianyu Guo , Kai Han , Xinghao Chen , Yunhe Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has played an important role in improving the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs). Some studies apply RL directly to \textit{smaller} base models (known as zero-RL) and also achieve notable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Xiao Hu , Xingyu Lu , Liyuan Mao , YiFan Zhang , Tianke Zhang , Bin Wen , Fan Yang , Tingting Gao , Guorui Zhou

Distilling explicit chain-of-thought reasoning paths has emerged as an effective method for improving the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs) across various tasks. However, when tackling complex tasks that pose significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Jierui Li , Raymond Mooney

We present a novel approach for training small language models for reasoning-intensive document ranking that combines knowledge distillation with reinforcement learning optimization. While existing methods often rely on expensive human…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Chris Samarinas , Hamed Zamani

Effective code generation with language models hinges on two critical factors: accurately understanding the intent of the prompt and generating code that applies algorithmic reasoning to produce correct solutions capable of passing diverse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Amir Jalilifard , Anderson de Rezende Rocha , Marcos Medeiros Raimundo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently made significant advances in code generation through the 'Chain-of-Thought' prompting technique. This technique empowers the model to autonomously devise "solution plans" to tackle intricate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Zhihong Sun , Chen Lyu , Bolun Li , Yao Wan , Hongyu Zhang , Ge Li , Zhi Jin

Over the past year, the emergence of transfer learning with large-scale language models (LM) has led to dramatic performance improvements across a broad range of natural language understanding tasks. However, the size and memory footprint…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-04 Luke Melas-Kyriazi , George Han , Celine Liang

Knowledge distillation (KD) is a key technique for compressing large language models into smaller ones while preserving performance. Despite the recent traction of KD research, its effectiveness for smaller language models (LMs) and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Suhas Kamasetty Ramesh , Ayan Sengupta , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) significantly enhances formal reasoning capabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) by training them to explicitly generate intermediate reasoning steps. While LLMs readily benefit from such techniques, improving…

Multimodal Named Entity Recognition (MNER) and Multimodal Relation Extraction (MRE) necessitate the fundamental reasoning capacity for intricate linguistic and multimodal comprehension. In this study, we explore distilling the reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Feng Chen , Yujian Feng

Chain-of-thought (CoT) distillation allows a large language model (LLM) to guide a small language model (SLM) in reasoning tasks. Existing methods train the SLM to learn the long rationale in one iteration, resulting in two issues: 1) Long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Xiao Chen , Sihang Zhou , Ke Liang , Xiaoyu Sun , Xinwang Liu

Chain of thought prompting successfully improves the reasoning capabilities of large language models, achieving state of the art results on a range of datasets. However, these reasoning capabilities only appear to emerge in models with a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Lucie Charlotte Magister , Jonathan Mallinson , Jakub Adamek , Eric Malmi , Aliaksei Severyn

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate proficiency across diverse tasks but often require targeted adaptations for specific applications. Various methods have been proposed to facilitate this adaptation, including fewshot fine-tuning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Rajesh Upadhayaya , Manish Raj Osti , Zachary Smith , Chritopher Kottmyer

Large language models (LLMs) have garnered increasing attention owing to their powerful logical reasoning capabilities. Generally, larger LLMs (L-LLMs) that require paid interfaces exhibit significantly superior performance compared to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Dong Chen , Shilin Zhang , Fei Gao , Yueting Zhuang , Siliang Tang , Qidong Liu , Mingliang Xu

In this paper, we investigate how model distillation impacts the development of reasoning features in large language models (LLMs). To explore this, we train a crosscoder on Qwen-series models and their fine-tuned variants. Our results…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 David D. Baek , Max Tegmark

Knowledge distillation, the technique of transferring knowledge from large, complex models to smaller ones, marks a pivotal step towards efficient AI deployment. Distilling Step-by-Step~(DSS), a novel method utilizing chain-of-thought~(CoT)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Xin Chen , Hanxian Huang , Yanjun Gao , Yi Wang , Jishen Zhao , Ke Ding

Large-scale language models have recently demonstrated impressive empirical performance. Nevertheless, the improved results are attained at the price of bigger models, more power consumption, and slower inference, which hinder their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-18 Kevin J Liang , Weituo Hao , Dinghan Shen , Yufan Zhou , Weizhu Chen , Changyou Chen , Lawrence Carin