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Contemporary autoregressive transformers operate in open loop: each hidden state is computed in a single forward pass and never revised, causing errors to propagate uncorrected through the sequence. We identify this open-loop bottleneck as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Akbar Anbar Jafari , Gholamreza Anbarjafari

Recent advances in pretraining general foundation models have significantly improved performance across diverse downstream tasks. While autoregressive (AR) generative models like GPT have revolutionized NLP, most visual generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Jinghan Li , Yang Jin , Hao Jiang , Yadong Mu , Yang Song , Kun Xu

Deep learning models have set benchmark results in various Natural Language Processing tasks. However, these models require an enormous amount of training data, which is infeasible in many practical problems. While various techniques like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-20 K. M. Annervaz , Pritam Kumar Nath , Ambedkar Dukkipati

Knowledge tracing allows Intelligent Tutoring Systems to infer which topics or skills a student has mastered, thus adjusting curriculum accordingly. Deep Learning based models like Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT) and Dynamic Key-Value Memory…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Xinyi Ding , Eric C. Larson

In Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), tracing the student's knowledge state during learning has been studied for several decades in order to provide more supportive learning instructions. In this paper, we propose a novel model for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Sein Minn , Yi Yu , Michel C. Desmarais , Feida Zhu , Jill Jenn Vie

Students learning algorithms often need support as they interpret traces, debug reasoning errors, and apply procedures across unfamiliar problem instances. In this paper, we present KITE (Knowledge-Informed Tutoring Engine), a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Mragisha Jain , Tirth Bhatt , Griffin Pitts , Aum Pandya , Peter Brusilovsky , Narges Norouzi , Arto Hellas , Juho Leinonen , Bita Akram

While machine learning approaches to visual recognition offer great promise, most of the existing methods rely heavily on the availability of large quantities of labeled training data. However, in the vast majority of real-world settings,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Akash Gupta , Rameswar Panda , Sujoy Paul , Jianming Zhang , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury

Non-Autoregressive machine Translation (NAT) models have demonstrated significant inference speedup but suffer from inferior translation accuracy. The common practice to tackle the problem is transferring the Autoregressive machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-18 Yongchang Hao , Shilin He , Wenxiang Jiao , Zhaopeng Tu , Michael Lyu , Xing Wang

Personalizing diffusion models using limited data presents significant challenges, including overfitting, loss of prior knowledge, and degradation of text alignment. Overfitting leads to shifts in the noise prediction distribution,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-04 JungWoo Chae , Jiyoon Kim , JaeWoong Choi , Kyungyul Kim , Sangheum Hwang

Training large language models (LLMs) as autonomous agents often begins with imitation learning, but it only teaches agents what to do without understanding why: agents never contrast successful actions against suboptimal alternatives and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Weize Liu , Minghui Liu , Sy-Tuyen Ho , Souradip Chakraborty , Xiyao Wang , Furong Huang

Intelligent and adaptive online education systems aim to make high-quality education available for a diverse range of students. However, existing systems usually depend on a pool of hand-made questions, limiting how fine-grained and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-09 Megha Srivastava , Noah Goodman

Emerging Knowledge Tracing (KT) models, particularly deep learning and attention-based Knowledge Tracing, have shown great potential in realizing personalized learning analysis via prediction of students' future performance based on their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Shubham Kose , Jin Wei-Kocsis

The remarkable performance gains realized by large pretrained models, e.g., GPT-3, hinge on the massive amounts of data they are exposed to during training. Analogously, distilling such large models to compact models for efficient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Manzil Zaheer , Ankit Singh Rawat , Seungyeon Kim , Chong You , Himanshu Jain , Andreas Veit , Rob Fergus , Sanjiv Kumar

This paper presents novel techniques for enhancing the performance of knowledge tracing (KT) models by focusing on the crucial factor of question and concept difficulty level. Despite the acknowledged significance of difficulty, previous KT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Unggi Lee , Sungjun Yoon , Joon Seo Yun , Kyoungsoo Park , YoungHoon Jung , Damji Stratton , Hyeoncheol Kim

Non-autoregressive translation (NAT) models remove the dependence on previous target tokens and generate all target tokens in parallel, resulting in significant inference speedup but at the cost of inferior translation accuracy compared to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Junliang Guo , Xu Tan , Linli Xu , Tao Qin , Enhong Chen , Tie-Yan Liu

Robotics has long been a field riddled with complex systems architectures whose modules and connections, whether traditional or learning-based, require significant human expertise and prior knowledge. Inspired by large pre-trained language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Rogerio Bonatti , Sai Vemprala , Shuang Ma , Felipe Frujeri , Shuhang Chen , Ashish Kapoor

Deep neural networks often have a huge number of parameters, which posts challenges in deployment in application scenarios with limited memory and computation capacity. Knowledge distillation is one approach to derive compact models from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Wenxian Shi , Yuxuan Song , Hao Zhou , Bohan Li , Lei Li

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a core component of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, modeling learners' knowledge state to predict future performance and provide personalized learning support. Traditional KT models assume that learners' learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yiyun Zhou , Zheqi Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Jingyuan Chen

Temporal knowledge graphs (TKGs) model the temporal evolution of events and have recently attracted increasing attention. Since TKGs are intrinsically incomplete, it is necessary to reason out missing elements. Although existing TKG…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Shangfei Zheng , Hongzhi Yin , Tong Chen , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Wei Chen , Lei Zhao

Intelligent tutoring systems optimize the selection and timing of learning materials to enhance understanding and long-term retention. This requires estimates of both the learner's progress (''knowledge tracing''; KT), and the prerequisite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Hanqi Zhou , Robert Bamler , Charley M. Wu , Álvaro Tejero-Cantero