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Active learning (AL) accelerates scientific discovery by prioritizing the most informative experiments, but traditional machine learning (ML) models used in AL suffer from cold-start limitations and domain-specific feature engineering,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Hongchen Wang , Rafael Espinosa Castañeda , Jay R. Werber , Yao Fehlis , Edward Kim , Jason Hattrick-Simpers

The field of Natural Language Generation (NLG) suffers from a severe shortage of labeled data due to the extremely expensive and time-consuming process involved in manual annotation. A natural approach for coping with this problem is active…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Yotam Perlitz , Ariel Gera , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer , Dafna Sheinwald , Noam Slonim , Liat Ein-Dor

In the era of data-driven intelligence, the paradox of data abundance and annotation scarcity has emerged as a critical bottleneck in the advancement of machine learning. This paper gives a detailed overview of Active Learning (AL), which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Chiung-Yi Tseng , Junhao Song , Ziqian Bi , Tianyang Wang , Chia Xin Liang , Xinyuan Song , Ming Liu

Collecting high-quality labeled data for model training is notoriously time-consuming and labor-intensive for various NLP tasks. While copious solutions, such as active learning for small language models (SLMs) and prevalent in-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Ruixuan Xiao , Yiwen Dong , Junbo Zhao , Runze Wu , Minmin Lin , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence (AI), generative large language models (LLMs) stand at the forefront, revolutionizing how we interact with our data. However, the computational intensity and memory consumption of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Xupeng Miao , Gabriele Oliaro , Zhihao Zhang , Xinhao Cheng , Hongyi Jin , Tianqi Chen , Zhihao Jia

Ensuring robust safety measures across a wide range of scenarios is crucial for user-facing systems. While Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate valuable data for safety measures, they often exhibit distributional biases, focusing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Sabit Hassan , Anthony Sicilia , Malihe Alikhani

With extensive pre-trained knowledge and high-level general capabilities, large language models (LLMs) emerge as a promising avenue to augment reinforcement learning (RL) in aspects such as multi-task learning, sample efficiency, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Yuji Cao , Huan Zhao , Yuheng Cheng , Ting Shu , Yue Chen , Guolong Liu , Gaoqi Liang , Junhua Zhao , Jinyue Yan , Yun Li

While deep learning is a powerful tool for natural language processing (NLP) problems, successful solutions to these problems rely heavily on large amounts of annotated samples. However, manually annotating data is expensive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-06 Rishi Hazra , Parag Dutta , Shubham Gupta , Mohammed Abdul Qaathir , Ambedkar Dukkipati

Machine learning-based classifiers have been used for text classification, such as sentiment analysis, news classification, and toxic comment classification. However, supervised machine learning models often require large amounts of labeled…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yejian Zhang , Shingo Takada

Fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) is now a common approach for text classification in a wide range of applications. When labeled documents are scarce, active learning helps save annotation efforts but requires retraining of massive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Artem Vysogorets , Achintya Gopal

While deep learning is a powerful tool for natural language processing (NLP) problems, successful solutions to these problems rely heavily on large amounts of annotated samples. However, manually annotating data is expensive and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-08 Rishi Hazra , Parag Dutta , Shubham Gupta , Mohammed Abdul Qaathir , Ambedkar Dukkipati

Ensuring that Large Language Models (LLMs) generate text representative of diverse sub-populations is essential, particularly when key concepts related to under-represented groups are scarce in the training data. We address this challenge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Sabit Hassan , Anthony Sicilia , Malihe Alikhani

Active learning (AL) is a training paradigm for selecting unlabeled samples for annotation to improve model performance on a test set, which is useful when only a limited number of samples can be annotated. These algorithms often work by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lorenzo Jaime Yu Flores , Cesare Spinoso di-Piano , Ori Ernst , David Ifeoluwa Adelani , Jackie Chi Kit Cheung

Which samples should be labelled in a large data set is one of the most important problems for trainingof deep learning. So far, a variety of active sample selection strategies related to deep learning havebeen proposed in many literatures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-09 Peng Liu , Lizhe Wang , Guojin He , Lei Zhao

In this work, we provide a survey of active learning (AL) for its applications in natural language processing (NLP). In addition to a fine-grained categorization of query strategies, we also investigate several other important aspects of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Zhisong Zhang , Emma Strubell , Eduard Hovy

Active learning (AL) is a promising ML paradigm that has the potential to parse through large unlabeled data and help reduce annotation cost in domains where labeling data can be prohibitive. Recently proposed neural network based AL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Prateek Munjal , Nasir Hayat , Munawar Hayat , Jamshid Sourati , Shadab Khan

Pretrained on web-scale open data, VLMs offer powerful capabilities for solving downstream tasks after being adapted to task-specific labeled data. Yet, data labeling can be expensive and may demand domain expertise. Active Learning (AL)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Tong Wang , Jiaqi Wang , Shu Kong

Active learning (AL) is a widely-used training strategy for maximizing predictive performance subject to a fixed annotation budget. In AL one iteratively selects training examples for annotation, often those for which the current model is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 David Lowell , Zachary C. Lipton , Byron C. Wallace

Annotating data is a time-consuming and costly task, but it is inherently required for supervised machine learning. Active Learning (AL) is an established method that minimizes human labeling effort by iteratively selecting the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Julius Gonsior , Tim Rieß , Anja Reusch , Claudio Hartmann , Maik Thiele , Wolfgang Lehner

Active Learning (AL) is a family of machine learning (ML) algorithms that predates the current era of artificial intelligence. Unlike traditional approaches that require labeled samples for training, AL iteratively selects unlabeled samples…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-31 Yongcheng Ding , José D. Martín-Guerrero , Yolanda Vives-Gilabert , Xi Chen
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