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Over the past years, memes have evolved from being exclusively a medium of humorous exchanges to one that allows users to express a range of emotions freely and easily. With the ever-growing utilization of memes in expressing depressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Siddhant Agarwal , Adya Dhuler , Polly Ruhnke , Melvin Speisman , Md Shad Akhtar , Shweta Yadav

The proliferation of hate speech on social media platforms has necessitated the development of effective detection and moderation tools. This study evaluates the efficacy of various machine learning models in identifying hate speech and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Saurabh Mishra , Shivani Thakur , Radhika Mamidi

Detecting offensive memes is crucial, yet standard deep neural network systems often remain opaque. Various input attribution-based methods attempt to interpret their behavior, but they face challenges with implicitly offensive memes and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Dibyanayan Bandyopadhyay , Mohammed Hasanuzzaman , Asif Ekbal

Memes have emerged as a powerful form of communication, integrating visual and textual elements to convey humor, satire, and cultural messages. Existing research has focused primarily on aspects such as emotion classification, meme…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Shiling Deng , Serge Belongie , Peter Ebert Christensen

Social media platforms increasingly employ proactive moderation techniques, such as detecting and curbing toxic and uncivil comments, to prevent the spread of harmful content. Despite these efforts, such approaches are often criticized for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Xiaotian Su , Naim Zierau , Soomin Kim , April Yi Wang , Thiemo Wambsganss

The sheer volume of online user-generated content has rendered content moderation technologies essential in order to protect digital platform audiences from content that may cause anxiety, worry, or concern. Despite the efforts towards…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Ioannis Sarridis , Christos Koutlis , Olga Papadopoulou , Symeon Papadopoulos

Online hate remains a significant societal challenge, especially as multimodal content enables subtle, culturally grounded, and implicit forms of harm. Hateful memes embed hostility through text-image interactions and humor, making them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sahajpreet Singh , Kokil Jaidka , Subhayan Mukerjee

The proliferation of harmful content on online platforms is a major societal problem, which comes in many different forms including hate speech, offensive language, bullying and harassment, misinformation, spam, violence, graphic content,…

The proliferation of social media platforms has led to an increase in the spread of hate speech, particularly targeting vulnerable communities. Unfortunately, existing methods for automatically identifying and blocking toxic language rely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Shiza Ali , Jeremy Blackburn , Gianluca Stringhini

Content moderation on social media platforms shapes the dynamics of online discourse, influencing whose voices are amplified and whose are suppressed. Recent studies have raised concerns about the fairness of content moderation practices,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Rebecca Dorn , Lee Kezar , Fred Morstatter , Kristina Lerman

Internet memes have become a powerful means for individuals to express emotions, thoughts, and perspectives on social media. While often considered as a source of humor and entertainment, memes can also disseminate hateful content targeting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque , Sarah M. Preum

Internet memes represent a popular form of multimodal online communication and often use figurative elements to convey layered meaning through the combination of text and images. However, it remains largely unclear how multimodal large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Shijia Zhou , Saif M. Mohammad , Barbara Plank , Diego Frassinelli

Humor is a natural and fundamental component of human interactions. When correctly applied, humor allows us to express thoughts and feelings conveniently and effectively, increasing interpersonal affection, likeability, and trust. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Felipe Godoy

The digital revolution and the advent of the world wide web have transformed human communication, notably through the emergence of memes. While memes are a popular and straightforward form of expression, they can also be used to spread…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Peter Grönquist

This paper investigates how collaborative AI systems can enhance user agency in identifying and evaluating misinformation on social media platforms. Traditional methods, such as personal judgment or basic fact-checking, often fall short…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Varun Sangwan , Heidi Makitalo

This paper has been accepted in the NeurIPS 2024 D & B Track. Harmful memes have proliferated on the Chinese Internet, while research on detecting Chinese harmful memes significantly lags behind due to the absence of reliable datasets and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Junyu Lu , Bo Xu , Xiaokun Zhang , Hongbo Wang , Haohao Zhu , Dongyu Zhang , Liang Yang , Hongfei Lin

Hateful content detection is one of the areas where deep learning can and should make a significant difference. The Hateful Memes Challenge from Facebook helps fulfill such potential by challenging the contestants to detect hateful speech…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Yang Li , Zinc Zhang , Hutchin Huang

Numerous machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)-based approaches have been proposed to utilize textual data from social media for anti-social behavior analysis like cyberbullying, fake news detection, and identification of hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Md. Rezaul Karim , Sumon Kanti Dey , Tanhim Islam , Md. Shajalal , Bharathi Raja Chakravarthi

The detection of sensitive content in large datasets is crucial for ensuring that shared and analysed data is free from harmful material. However, current moderation tools, such as external APIs, suffer from limitations in customisation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Dimosthenis Antypas , Indira Sen , Carla Perez-Almendros , Jose Camacho-Collados , Francesco Barbieri

The prevalence of harmful content on social media platforms poses significant risks to users and society, necessitating more effective and scalable content moderation strategies. Current approaches rely on human moderators, supervised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Akash Bonagiri , Lucen Li , Rajvardhan Oak , Zeerak Babar , Magdalena Wojcieszak , Anshuman Chhabra