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Exploiting social media to spread hate has tremendously increased over the years. Lately, multi-modal hateful content such as memes has drawn relatively more traction than uni-modal content. Moreover, the availability of implicit content…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Piush Aggarwal , Pranit Chawla , Mithun Das , Punyajoy Saha , Binny Mathew , Torsten Zesch , Animesh Mukherjee

Digital platforms have an ever-expanding user base, and act as a hub for communication, business, and connectivity. However, this has also allowed for the spread of hate speech and misogyny. Artificial intelligence models have emerged as an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Sargam Yadav , Abhishek Kaushik , Kevin Mc Daid

Hateful meme detection is a new multimodal task that has gained significant traction in academic and industry research communities. Recently, researchers have applied pre-trained visual-linguistic models to perform the multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-07 Ming Shan Hee , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Wen-Haw Chong

Hateful memes have emerged as a significant concern on the Internet. Detecting hateful memes requires the system to jointly understand the visual and textual modalities. Our investigation reveals that the embedding space of existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jingbiao Mei , Jinghong Chen , Weizhe Lin , Bill Byrne , Marcus Tomalin

Memes, which rapidly disseminate personal opinions and positions across the internet, also pose significant challenges in propagating social bias and prejudice. This study presents a novel approach to detecting harmful memes, particularly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jingtao Cao , Zheng Zhang , Hongru Wang , Bin Liang , Hao Wang , Kam-Fai Wong

Memes are a widely popular tool for web users to express their thoughts using visual metaphors. Understanding memes requires recognizing and interpreting visual metaphors with respect to the text inside or around the meme, often while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 EunJeong Hwang , Vered Shwartz

Internet Memes remain a challenging form of user-generated content for automated sentiment classification. The availability of labelled memes is a barrier to developing sentiment classifiers of multimodal memes. To address the shortage of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Muzhaffar Hazman , Susan McKeever , Josephine Griffith

Much work in the space of NLP has used computational methods to explore sociolinguistic variation in text. In this paper, we argue that memes, as multimodal forms of language comprised of visual templates and text, also exhibit meaningful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Naitian Zhou , David Jurgens , David Bamman

Dark humor in online memes poses unique challenges due to its reliance on implicit, sensitive, and culturally contextual cues. To address the lack of resources and methods for detecting dark humor in multimodal content, we introduce a novel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Sai Kartheek Reddy Kasu , Mohammad Zia Ur Rehman , Shahid Shafi Dar , Rishi Bharat Junghare , Dhanvin Sanjay Namboodiri , Nagendra Kumar

Hateful meme classification is a challenging multimodal task that requires complex reasoning and contextual background knowledge. Ideally, we could leverage an explicit external knowledge base to supplement contextual and cultural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Rui Cao , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Wen-Haw Chong , Jing Jiang

This paper focuses on an important problem of detecting offensive analogy meme on online social media where the visual content and the texts/captions of the meme together make an analogy to convey the offensive information. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Lanyu Shang , Yang Zhang , Yuheng Zha , Yingxi Chen , Christina Youn , Dong Wang

Memes are a popular element of modern web communication, used not only as static artifacts but also as interactive replies within conversations. While computational research has focused on analyzing the intrinsic properties of memes, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Ryosuke Kohita , Seiichiro Yoshioka

Online hate on social media ranges from overt slurs and threats (\emph{hard hate speech}) to \emph{soft hate speech}: discourse that appears reasonable on the surface but uses framing and value-based arguments to steer audiences toward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xuanyu Su , Diana Inkpen , Nathalie Japkowicz

Hateful memes are a growing menace on social media. While the image and its corresponding text in a meme are related, they do not necessarily convey the same meaning when viewed individually. Hence, detecting hateful memes requires careful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Gokul Karthik Kumar , Karthik Nandakumar

With the rise of digital communication, memes have become a significant medium for cultural and political expression that is often used to mislead audiences. Identification of such misleading and persuasive multimodal content has become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Firoj Alam , Abul Hasnat , Fatema Ahmed , Md Arid Hasan , Maram Hasanain

The proliferation of harmful online content--e.g., toxicity, spam, and negative sentiment--demands robust and adaptable moderation systems. However, prevailing moderation systems are centralized and task-specific, offering limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Rufan Zhang , Lin Zhang , Xianghang Mi

Social media platforms enable instant and ubiquitous connectivity and are essential to social interaction and communication in our technological society. Apart from its advantages, these platforms have given rise to negative behaviors in…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Silvia García-Méndez , Francisco De Arriba-Pérez

In the past few years, the meme has become a new way of communication on the Internet. As memes are the images with embedded text, it can quickly spread hate, offence and violence. Classifying memes are very challenging because of their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Eftekhar Hossain , Omar Sharif , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque

Hateful Memes is a new challenge set for multimodal classification, focusing on detecting hate speech in multimodal memes. Difficult examples are added to the dataset to make it hard to rely on unimodal signals, which means only multimodal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Xiayu Zhong

In order to study online hate speech, the availability of datasets containing the linguistic phenomena of interest are of crucial importance. However, when it comes to specific target groups, for example teenagers, collecting such data may…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Stefano Menini , Sara Tonelli