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The computational complexity of large language model (LLM) inference significantly constrains their deployment efficiency on edge devices. In contrast, small language models offer faster decoding and lower resource consumption but often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Jianshu She , Wenhao Zheng , Zhengzhong Liu , Hongyi Wang , Eric Xing , Huaxiu Yao , Qirong Ho

We propose MindVL, a multimodal large language model (MLLMs) trained on Ascend NPUs. The training of state-of-the-art MLLMs is often confined to a limited set of hardware platforms and relies heavily on massive, undisclosed data recipes,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Feilong Chen , Yijiang Liu , Yi Huang , Hao Wang , Miren Tian , Ya-Qi Yu , Minghui Liao , Jihao Wu

Compute-in-Read-Only-Memory (CiROM) accelerators offer outstanding energy efficiency for CNNs by eliminating runtime weight updates. However, their scalability to Large Language Models (LLMs) is fundamentally constrained by their vast…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Wenlun Zhang , Xinyu Li , Shimpei Ando , Kentaro Yoshioka

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved near-human performance across diverse reasoning tasks, yet their deployment on resource-constrained Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices remains impractical due to massive parameter footprints and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Mingyu Sung , Vikas Palakonda , Suhwan Im , Sunghwan Moon , Il-Min Kim , Sangseok Yun , Jae-Mo Kang

FPGA-based data processing in datacenters is increasing in popularity due to the demands of modern workloads and the ensuing necessity for specialization in hardware. Driven by this trend, vendors are rapidly adapting reconfigurable devices…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Kaan Kara , Christoph Hagleitner , Dionysios Diamantopoulos , Dimitris Syrivelis , Gustavo Alonso

Large language models (LLMs) excel across diverse tasks but face significant deployment challenges due to high inference costs. LLM inference comprises prefill (compute-bound) and decode (memory-bound) stages, with decode dominating latency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Woojeong Kim , Junxiong Wang , Jing Nathan Yan , Mohamed Abdelfattah , Alexander M. Rush

The Key-Value (KV) cache is a crucial component in serving transformer-based autoregressive large language models (LLMs), enabling faster inference by storing previously computed KV vectors. However, its memory consumption scales linearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Rongzhi Zhang , Kuang Wang , Liyuan Liu , Shuohang Wang , Hao Cheng , Chao Zhang , Yelong Shen

Machine Learning compilers like TVM allow a fast and flexible deployment on embedded CPUs. This enables the use of non-standard operators, which are common in ML compression techniques. However, it is necessary to understand the limitations…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Bernhard Klein , Christoph Gratl , Manfred Mücke , Holger Fröning

Withtherapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), the context length for inference has been continuously increasing, leading to an exponential growth in the demand for Key-Value (KV) caching. This has resulted in a significant…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yanyu Liu , Jingying Fu , Sixiang Liu , Yitian Zou , You Fu , Jiehan Zhou , Shouhua Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for natural language processing tasks, revolutionizing the field with their ability to understand and generate human-like text. As the demand for more sophisticated LLMs continues…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Christoforos Kachris

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) encounter challenges in processing long sequences on edge devices due to the quadratic complexity of attention mechanisms and growing memory demands from Key-Value (KV) cache. Existing KV cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Jiyu Chen , Shuang Peng , Daxiong Luo , Fan Yang , Renshou Wu , Fangyuan Li , Xiaoxin Chen

The large language model era urges faster and less costly inference. Prior model compression works on LLMs tend to undertake a software-centric approach primarily focused on the simulated quantization performance. By neglecting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Qingyuan Li , Ran Meng , Yiduo Li , Bo Zhang , Liang Li , Yifan Lu , Xiangxiang Chu , Yerui Sun , Yuchen Xie

Large language models (LLMs) are useful in many NLP tasks and become more capable with size, with the best open-source models having over 50 billion parameters. However, using these 50B+ models requires high-end hardware, making them…

Deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge devices enables personalized agents with strong privacy and low cost. However, with tens to hundreds of billions of parameters, single-batch autoregressive inference suffers from extremely low…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Lishuo Deng , Shaojie Xu , Jinwu Chen , Changwei Yan , Jiajie Wang , Zhe Jiang , Weiwei Shan

Large language models (LLMs) on smartphones enable real-time AI assistance and privacy-preserving, offline operation. However, resource constraints of smartphones limit current deployments to small language models (SLMs), significantly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Zhenliang Xue , Yixin Song , Zeyu Mi , Xinrui Zheng , Yubin Xia , Haibo Chen

The recent huge advance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is mainly driven by the increase in the number of parameters. This has led to substantial memory capacity requirements, necessitating the use of dozens of GPUs just to meet the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Hongsun Jang , Jaeyong Song , Jaewon Jung , Jaeyoung Park , Youngsok Kim , Jinho Lee

Context lengths of Large Language Models (LLMs) have exploded in recent years, with 128k-token context becoming a standard and million-token context becoming a reality. Efficiently supporting long-context inference remains challenging as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Isaac Rehg

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse natural language processing tasks. However, their extensive memory requirements, particularly due to KV cache growth during long-text understanding and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Haoqi Yang , Yao Yao , Zuchao Li , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Hai Zhao

The advent of large language models (LLMs) revolutionized natural language processing applications, and running LLMs on edge devices has become increasingly attractive for reasons including reduced latency, data localization, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Jiajun Xu , Zhiyuan Li , Wei Chen , Qun Wang , Xin Gao , Qi Cai , Ziyuan Ling

Large Language Models (LLMs) offer state-of-the-art performance in natural language understanding and generation tasks. However, the deployment of leading commercial models for specialized tasks, such as e-commerce, is often hindered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Josip Tomo Licardo , Nikola Tankovic