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The emerging collaborative information-based knowledge tracing (KT) has been a promising way to enhance modeling of learners' knowledge states. The core idea is to extract the collaborative information from interaction sequences of other…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yuhao Jia , Duantengchuan Li , Jinsong Chen , Zhongjie Mao , Mingwen Tong , Yue Li , Xiaoguang Wang

Knowledge Transfer (KT) techniques tackle the problem of transferring the knowledge from a large and complex neural network into a smaller and faster one. However, existing KT methods are tailored towards classification tasks and they…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-21 Nikolaos Passalis , Anastasios Tefas

The training of artificial neural networks is heavily dependent on the careful selection of an appropriate loss function. While commonly used loss functions, such as cross-entropy and mean squared error (MSE), generally suffice for a broad…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Altun Shukurlu

The goal of Knowledge Tracing (KT) is to estimate how well students have mastered a concept based on their historical learning of related exercises. The benefit of knowledge tracing is that students' learning plans can be better organised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Xiangyu Song , Jianxin Li , Qi Lei , Wei Zhao , Yunliang Chen , Ajmal Mian

The field of Knowledge Tracing is focused on predicting the success rate of a student for a given skill. Modern methods like Deep Knowledge Tracing provide accurate estimates given enough data, but being based on neural networks they…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-20 Hildo Bijl

Knowledge tracing, the act of modeling a student's knowledge through learning activities, is an extensively studied problem in the field of computer-aided education. Although models with attention mechanism have outperformed traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Youngduck Choi , Youngnam Lee , Junghyun Cho , Jineon Baek , Byungsoo Kim , Yeongmin Cha , Dongmin Shin , Chan Bae , Jaewe Heo

Recent research has explored the creation of questions from code submitted by students. These Questions about Learners' Code (QLCs) are created through program analysis, exploring execution paths, and then creating code comprehension…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Teemu Lehtinen , Charles Koutcheme , Arto Hellas

Deep neural models in recent years have been successful in almost every field, including extremely complex problem statements. However, these models are huge in size, with millions (and even billions) of parameters, thus demanding more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-18 Lin Wang , Kuk-Jin Yoon

Knowledge Tracing (KT), tracking a human's knowledge acquisition, is a central component in online learning and AI in Education. In this paper, we present a simple, yet effective strategy to improve the generalization ability of KT models:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-04 Seewoo Lee , Youngduck Choi , Juneyoung Park , Byungsoo Kim , Jinwoo Shin

Knowledge Tracing (KT) infers a student's knowledge state from past interactions to predict future performance. Conventional Deep Learning (DL)-based KT models are typically tied to platform-specific identifiers and latent representations,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhiyi Duan , Hongyu Yuan , Rui Liu

Knowledge tracing has been widely used in online learning systems to guide the students' future learning. However, most existing KT models primarily focus on extracting abundant information from the question sets and explore the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Shanshan Wang , Fangzheng Yuan , Keyang Wang , Xun Yang , Xingyi Zhang , Meng Wang

Estimating student proficiency is an important task for computer based learning systems. We compare a family of IRT-based proficiency estimation methods to Deep Knowledge Tracing (DKT), a recently proposed recurrent neural network model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-05-24 Kevin H. Wilson , Yan Karklin , Bojian Han , Chaitanya Ekanadham

We consider the equity and fairness of curricula derived from Knowledge Tracing models. We begin by defining a unifying notion of an equitable tutoring system as a system that achieves maximum possible knowledge in minimal time for each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Sebastian Tschiatschek , Maria Knobelsdorf , Adish Singla

Students acquire knowledge as they interact with a variety of learning materials, such as video lectures, problems, and discussions. Modeling student knowledge at each point during their learning period and understanding the contribution of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Siqian Zhao , Chunpai Wang , Shaghayegh Sahebi

Continual learning requires to overcome catastrophic forgetting when training a single model on a sequence of tasks. Recent top-performing approaches are prompt-based methods that utilize a set of learnable parameters (i.e., prompts) to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Li Jiao , Qiuxia Lai , Yu Li , Qiang Xu

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to predict learners' future performance from past interactions. While recent KT approaches have improved via learning item representations aligned with Knowledge Components, they overlook the procedural dynamics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jun Seo , Sangwon Ryu , Heejin Do , Hyounghun Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Deep neural networks often have a huge number of parameters, which posts challenges in deployment in application scenarios with limited memory and computation capacity. Knowledge distillation is one approach to derive compact models from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-21 Wenxian Shi , Yuxuan Song , Hao Zhou , Bohan Li , Lei Li

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to estimate a learner's evolving mastery based on interaction histories. Recent studies have explored Large Language Models (LLMs) for KT via autoregressive nature, but such approaches typically require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Unggi Lee , Joo Young Kim , Ran Ju , Minyoung Jung , Jeyeon Eo

Knowledge Tracing (KT) aims to model a student's learning trajectory and predict performance on the next question. A key challenge is how to better represent the relationships among students, questions, and knowledge concepts (KCs).…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Chi Yu , Hongyu Yuan , Zhiyi Duan

Recent work exploring the capabilities of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated their ability to act as general pattern machines by completing complex token sequences representing a wide array of tasks, including…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Seyed Parsa Neshaei , Richard Lee Davis , Adam Hazimeh , Bojan Lazarevski , Pierre Dillenbourg , Tanja Käser