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Post-click conversion rate (CVR) is a reliable indicator of online customers' preferences, making it crucial for developing recommender systems. A major challenge in predicting CVR is severe selection bias, arising from users' inherent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wenbo Hu , Xin Sun , Qiang liu , Le Wu , Liang Wang

Post-click conversion, as a strong signal indicating the user preference, is salutary for building recommender systems. However, accurately estimating the post-click conversion rate (CVR) is challenging due to the selection bias, i.e., the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Siyuan Guo , Lixin Zou , Yiding Liu , Wenwen Ye , Suqi Cheng , Shuaiqiang Wang , Hechang Chen , Dawei Yin , Yi Chang

Ranking product recommendations to optimize for a high click-through rate (CTR) or for high conversion, such as add-to-cart rate (ACR) and Order-Submit-Rate (OSR, view-to-purchase conversion) are standard practices in e-commerce. Optimizing…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Michael Weiss , Robert Rosenbach , Christian Eggenberger

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is an essential task for large-scale e-commerce platforms. However, refund behaviors frequently occur after conversion in online shopping systems, which drives us to pay attention to effective conversion for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Yunfeng Zhao , Xu Yan , Xiaoqiang Gui , Shuguang Han , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Guoxian Yu , Jufeng Chen , Zhao Xu , Bo Zheng

Click-through rate(CTR) prediction is a core task in cost-per-click(CPC) advertising systems and has been studied extensively by machine learning practitioners. While many existing methods have been successfully deployed in practice, most…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Ke Hu , Yi Qi , Jianqiang Huang , Jia Cheng , Jun Lei

Accurate estimation of post-click conversion rate is critical for building recommender systems, which has long been confronted with sample selection bias and data sparsity issues. Methods in the Entire Space Multi-task Model (ESMM) family…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Hao Wang , Tai-Wei Chang , Tianqiao Liu , Jianmin Huang , Zhichao Chen , Chao Yu , Ruopeng Li , Wei Chu

Large-scale online recommender system spreads all over the Internet being in charge of two basic tasks: Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Post-Click Conversion Rate (CVR) estimations. However, traditional CVR estimators suffer from well-known…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Zhenhao Jiang , Biao Zeng , Hao Feng , Jin Liu , Jicong Fan , Jie Zhang , Jia Jia , Ning Hu , Xingyu Chen , Xuguang Lan

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is one of the core components in online recommender systems, and various approaches have been proposed to obtain accurate and well-calibrated CVR estimation. However, we observe that a well-trained CVR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Zhangming Chan , Yu Zhang , Shuguang Han , Yong Bai , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Siyuan Lou , Jiacen Hu , Baolin Liu , Yuning Jiang , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

Click-through rate (CTR) Prediction is of great importance in real-world online ads systems. One challenge for the CTR prediction task is to capture the real interest of users from their clicked items, which is inherently biased by…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Congcong Liu , Yuejiang Li , Jian Zhu , Xiwei Zhao , Changping Peng , Zhangang Lin , Jingping Shao

Accurate post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is crucial for online advertising systems. Despite significant advances in causal approaches designed to address the Sample Selection Bias problem, CVR estimation still faces challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Huajian Feng , Guoxiao Zhang , Yadong Zhang , Yi We , Qiang Liu

Conversion Rate (\emph{CVR}) prediction in modern industrial e-commerce platforms is becoming increasingly important, which directly contributes to the final revenue. In order to address the well-known sample selection bias (\emph{SSB}) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Fuyu Lv , Wentian Bao , Tianyi Wang , Zulong Chen

Scaling a Search Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction model, especially in high-traffic environments, presents a challenge: superior model quality needs to be balanced with strict constraints on training cost and serving latency. This paper…

Improving the performance of click-through rate (CTR) prediction remains one of the core tasks in online advertising systems. With the rise of deep learning, CTR prediction models with deep networks remarkably enhance model capacities. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Yikai Wang , Liang Zhang , Quanyu Dai , Fuchun Sun , Bo Zhang , Yang He , Weipeng Yan , Yongjun Bao

Position bias, the phenomenon whereby users tend to focus on higher-ranked items of the search result list regardless of the actual relevance to queries, is prevailing in many ranking systems. Position bias in training data biases the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Yibo Wang , Yanbing Xue , Bo Liu , Musen Wen , Wenting Zhao , Stephen Guo , Philip S. Yu

Sales promotions, as short-term incentives to stimulate product purchases, play a pivotal role in modern e-commerce marketing strategies. During promotional events, user behavior patterns exhibit distinct characteristics compared to regular…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Xin Song , Kaiyuan Li , Jinxin Hu

Delayed feedback poses a core challenge for online CVR prediction, forcing a trade-off between label accuracy and data freshness. Existing methods address this through delay modeling or sample reweighting, yet neglect how post-click…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xinyue Zhang , Yuanhao Ding , Xiang Ao

Click-Through Rate (CTR) prediction models are integral to a myriad of industrial settings, such as personalized search advertising. Current methods typically involve feature extraction from users' historical behavior sequences combined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Lingwei Kong , Lu Wang , Changping Peng , Zhangang Lin , Ching Law , Jingping Shao

Click-through rate (CTR) estimation plays as a core function module in various personalized online services, including online advertising, recommender systems, and web search etc. From 2015, the success of deep learning started to benefit…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Weinan Zhang , Jiarui Qin , Wei Guo , Ruiming Tang , Xiuqiang He

In industrial recommender systems, conversion rate (CVR) is widely used for traffic allocation, but it fails to fully reflect recommendation effectiveness because it ignores refund behavior. To better capture true user satisfaction and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Mingxuan Luo , Guipeng Xv , Sishuo Chen , Xinyu Li , Li Zhang , Zhangming Chan , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Han Zhu , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng , Chen Lin

The prediction objectives of online advertisement ranking models are evolving from probabilistic metrics like conversion rate (CVR) to numerical business metrics like post-click gross merchandise volume (GMV). Unlike the well-studied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xinyu Li , Sishuo Chen , Guipeng Xv , Li Zhang , Mingxuan Luo , Zhangming Chan , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Han Zhu , Jian Xu , Chen Lin