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This paper presents an efficient decoding approach for end-to-end automatic speech recognition (E2E-ASR) with large language models (LLMs). Although shallow fusion is the most common approach to incorporate language models into E2E-ASR…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Takaaki Hori , Martin Kocour , Adnan Haider , Erik McDermott , Xiaodan Zhuang

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional performance across a wide range of tasks; however, their token-by-token autoregressive generation process significantly hinders inference speed. Speculative decoding presents a promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Kai Lv , Honglin Guo , Qipeng Guo , Xipeng Qiu

Introduced to enhance the efficiency of large language model (LLM) inference, speculative decoding operates by having a smaller model generate a draft. A larger target model then reviews this draft to align with its output, and any…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Ziyi Chen , Xiaocong Yang , Jiacheng Lin , Chenkai Sun , Kevin Chen-Chuan Chang , Jie Huang

Despite the success of conventional collaborative filtering (CF) approaches for recommendation systems, they exhibit limitations in leveraging semantic knowledge within the textual attributes of users and items. Recent focus on the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Zhongzhou Liu , Hao Zhang , Kuicai Dong , Yuan Fang

Recent advances with large language models (LLM) illustrate their diverse capabilities. We propose a novel algorithm, staged speculative decoding, to accelerate LLM inference in small-batch, on-device scenarios. We address the low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Benjamin Spector , Chris Re

Knowledge Distillation (KD) compresses computationally expensive pre-trained language models (PLMs) by transferring their knowledge to smaller models, allowing their use in resource-constrained or real-time settings. However, most smaller…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Hayeon Lee , Rui Hou , Jongpil Kim , Davis Liang , Hongbo Zhang , Sung Ju Hwang , Alexander Min

Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable ability to process information across various languages. Despite their capabilities, they exhibit inconsistencies in handling identical queries in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Yue Huang , Chenrui Fan , Yuan Li , Siyuan Wu , Tianyi Zhou , Xiangliang Zhang , Lichao Sun

Autoregressive decoding in large language models (LLMs) requires $\mathcal{O}(n)$ sequential steps for $n$ tokens, fundamentally limiting inference throughput. Recent diffusion-based LLMs (dLLMs) enable parallel token generation through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Wenrui Bao , Zhiben Chen , Dan Xu , Yuzhang Shang

Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) are an extension of Large Language Models (LLMs) that facilitate processing both image and text inputs, expanding AI capabilities. However, LVLMs struggle with object hallucinations due to their reliance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Avshalom Manevich , Reut Tsarfaty

Recent advancements and widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) in both industry and academia have catalyzed significant demand for LLM serving. However, traditional cloud services incur high costs, while on-device inference…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Yida Zhang , Zhiyong Gao , Shuaibing Yue , Jie Li , Rui Wang

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) enable powerful multimodal reasoning but suffer from slow autoregressive inference, limiting their deployment in real-time applications. We introduce Spec-LLaVA, a system that applies speculative decoding to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Mingxiao Huo , Jiayi Zhang , Hewei Wang , Jinfeng Xu , Zheyu Chen , Huilin Tai , Yijun Chen

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved substantial advances in logical reasoning, yet they continue to lag behind human-level performance. In-context learning provides a viable solution that boosts the model's performance via prompting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jianzhi Yan , Le Liu , Buzhou Tang , Yang Xiang , Dongning Sun , Zhiming Li

Large language models (LLMs) sometimes demonstrate poor performance on knowledge-intensive tasks, commonsense reasoning is one of them. Researchers typically address these issues by retrieving related knowledge from knowledge graphs or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jiachun Li , Pengfei Cao , Chenhao Wang , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Kang Liu , Xiaojian Jiang , Jiexin Xu , Jun Zhao

Despite extensive efforts to align Large Language Models (LLMs) with human values and safety rules, jailbreak attacks that exploit certain vulnerabilities continuously emerge, highlighting the need to strengthen existing LLMs with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Xuekang Wang , Shengyu Zhu , Xueqi Cheng

Combinatorial optimization (CO) problems, central to decision-making scenarios like logistics and manufacturing, are traditionally solved using problem-specific algorithms requiring significant domain expertise. While large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Xia Jiang , Yaoxin Wu , Minshuo Li , Zhiguang Cao , Yingqian Zhang

Grounding responses in external knowledge represents an effective strategy for mitigating hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, current LLMs struggle to seamlessly integrate knowledge while simultaneously maintaining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Chenxu Yang , Qingyi Si , Zheng Lin

Speculative decoding accelerates autoregressive generation by letting draft tokens bypass full verification, but conventional frameworks suffer from frequent false rejections, particularly when draft models produce semantically correct but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Xuwen Zhou , Fangxin Liu , Chao Wang , Xiao Zheng , Hao Zheng , Min He , Li Jiang , Haibing Guan

Recently, speculative decoding (SD) has emerged as a promising technique to accelerate LLM inference by employing a small draft model to propose draft tokens in advance, and validating them in parallel with the large target model. However,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Yuhao Shen , Junyi Shen , Quan Kong , Tianyu Liu , Yao Lu , Cong Wang

Combinatorial optimization (CO) problems, central to operation research and theoretical computer science, present significant computational challenges due to their NP-hard nature. While large language models (LLMs) have emerged as promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xijun Li , Jiexiang Yang , Jinghao Wang , Bo Peng , Jianguo Yao , Haibing Guan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated their instruction-following capabilities and achieved powerful performance on various tasks. Inspired by their success, recent works in the molecular domain have led to the development of large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jinyoung Park , Minseong Bae , Jeehye Na , Hyunwoo J. Kim