Vision-Language Models (VLMs) enable powerful multimodal reasoning but suffer from slow autoregressive inference, limiting their deployment in real-time applications. We introduce Spec-LLaVA, a system that applies speculative decoding to accelerate VLMs without sacrificing output quality. Spec-LLaVA pairs a lightweight draft VLM with a large target model: the draft speculates future tokens, which the target verifies in parallel, allowing multiple tokens to be generated per step. To maximize efficiency, we design a dynamic tree-based verification algorithm that adaptively expands and prunes speculative branches using draft model confidence. On MS COCO out-of-domain images, Spec-LLaVA achieves up to 3.28× faster decoding on LLaVA-1.5 (7B, 13B) with no loss in generation quality. This work presents a lossless acceleration framework for VLMs using dynamic tree-structured speculative decoding, opening a path toward practical real-time multimodal assistants. Importantly, the lightweight draft model design makes the framework amenable to resource-constrained or on-device deployment settings.
@article{arxiv.2509.11961,
title = {Spec-LLaVA: Accelerating Vision-Language Models with Dynamic Tree-Based Speculative Decoding},
author = {Mingxiao Huo and Jiayi Zhang and Hewei Wang and Jinfeng Xu and Zheyu Chen and Huilin Tai and Yijun Chen},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2509.11961},
year = {2025}
}