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As field-programmable gate arrays become prevalent in critical application domains, their power consumption is of high concern. In this paper, we present and evaluate a power monitoring scheme capable of accurately estimating the runtime…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-09-04 Zhe Lin , Sharad Sinha , Wei Zhang

This study presents advanced neural network architectures including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs), and Deep Belief Networks (DBNs) for enhanced ECG signal…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Kayode Inadagbo , Baran Arig , Nisanur Alici , Murat Isik

With the emergence of wearable devices and other embedded systems, deploying large language models (LLMs) on edge platforms has become an urgent need. However, this is challenging because of their high computational and memory demands.…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Ye Qiao , Zhiheng Chen , Yifan Zhang , Yian Wang , Sitao Huang

The deployment of machine learning (ML) models on microcontrollers (MCUs) is constrained by strict energy, latency, and memory requirements, particularly in battery-operated and real-time edge devices. While software-level optimizations…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Anastasios Fanariotis , Theofanis Orphanoudakis , Vasilis Fotopoulos

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) rely heavily on intensive matrix multiplications for attention and feed-forward layers, with the Q, K, and V linear projections in the Multi-Head Self-Attention (MHA) module constituting a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Richie Li , Sicheng Chen

We introduce an automated tool for deploying ultra low-latency, low-power deep neural networks with convolutional layers on FPGAs. By extending the hls4ml library, we demonstrate an inference latency of $5\,\mu$s using convolutional…

Implementing Machine Learning (ML) models on Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) is becoming increasingly popular across various domains as a low-latency and low-power solution that helps manage large data rates generated by continuously…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Mohammad Mehdi Rahimifar , Hamza Ezzaoui Rahali , Audrey C. Therrien

Vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated strong applicability in edge industrial applications, yet their deployment remains severely constrained by requirements for deterministic low latency and stable execution under resource…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Mengling Deng , Yuanpeng Chen , Sheng Yang , Wei Tao , Wenhai Zhang , Hui Song , Linyuanhao Qin , Kai Zhao , Xiaojun Ye , Shanhui Mo , Jingli Fan , Shuang Zhang , Bei Liu , Tiankun Zhao , Xiangjing An

We present a tool flow and results for a model-based hardware design for FPGAs from Simulink descriptions which nicely integrates into existing environments. While current commercial tools do not exploit some high-level optimizations, we…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2015-08-28 Konrad Möller , Martin Kumm , Charles-Frederic Müller , Peter Zipf

This paper introduces SpeedLLM, a neural network accelerator designed on the Xilinx Alevo U280 platform and optimized for the Tinyllama framework to enhance edge computing performance. Key innovations include data stream parallelism, a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Peipei Wang , Wu Guan , Liping Liang , Zhijun Wang , Hanqing Luo , Zhibin Zhang

State-of-the-art Transformer-based models, with gigantic parameters, are difficult to be accommodated on resource constrained embedded devices. Moreover, with the development of technology, more and more embedded devices are available to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Panjie Qi , Edwin Hsing-Mean Sha , Qingfeng Zhuge , Hongwu Peng , Shaoyi Huang , Zhenglun Kong , Yuhong Song , Bingbing Li

Population count (popcount) is a crucial operation for many low-complexity machine learning (ML) algorithms, including Tsetlin Machine (TM)-a promising new ML method, particularly well-suited for solving classification tasks. The inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Shengyu Duan , Marcos L. L. Sartori , Rishad Shafik , Alex Yakovlev , Emre Ozer

Embedding models in natural language processing (NLP) increasingly rely on deep architectures such as BERT, while simpler models such as Word2Vec provide efficient representations but limited interpretability. The Tsetlin Machine (TM)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ahmed K. Kadhim , Lei Jiao , Rishad Shafik , Ole-Christoffer Granmo , Mayur Kishor Shende

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are vital for sequential data processing. Long Short-Term Memory Autoencoders (LSTM-AEs) are particularly effective for unsupervised anomaly detection in time-series data. However, inherent sequential…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Aimilios Leftheriotis , Dimosthenis Masouros , Dimitrios Soudris , George Theodoridis

Developing high performance embedded vision applications requires balancing run-time performance with energy constraints. Given the mix of hardware accelerators that exist for embedded computer vision (e.g. multi-core CPUs, GPUs, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-01 Murad Qasaimeh , Kristof Denolf , Jack Lo , Kees Vissers , Joseph Zambreno , Phillip H. Jones

Need for the efficient processing of neural networks has given rise to the development of hardware accelerators. The increased adoption of specialized hardware has highlighted the need for more agile design flows for hardware-software…

Advanced imitation learning with structures like the transformer is increasingly demonstrating its advantages in robotics. However, deploying these large-scale models on embedded platforms remains a major challenge. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Haizhou Ge , Ruixiang Wang , Zhu-ang Xu , Hongrui Zhu , Ruichen Deng , Yuhang Dong , Zeyu Pang , Guyue Zhou , Junyu Zhang , Lu Shi

This paper introduces the eGPU, a SIMT soft processor designed for FPGAs. Soft processors typically achieve modest operating frequencies, a fraction of the headline performance claimed by modern FPGA families, and obtain correspondingly…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Martin Langhammer , George Constantinides

GPU-embedded systems have gained popularity across various domains due to their efficient power consumption. However, in order to meet the demands of real-time or time-consuming applications running on these systems, it is crucial for them…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Adrian Perez Dieguez , Margarita Amor Lopez

There has been considerable interest and resulting progress in implementing machine learning (ML) models in hardware over the last several years from the particle and nuclear physics communities. A big driver has been the release of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Jyothisraj Johnson , Billy Boxer , Tarun Prakash , Carl Grace , Peter Sorensen , Mani Tripathi