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Reinforcement learning has achieved significant milestones, but sample efficiency remains a bottleneck for real-world applications. Recently, CrossQ has demonstrated state-of-the-art sample efficiency with a low update-to-data (UTD) ratio…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Daniel Palenicek , Florian Vogt , Jan Peters

Sample efficiency is a crucial problem in deep reinforcement learning. Recent algorithms, such as REDQ and DroQ, found a way to improve the sample efficiency by increasing the update-to-data (UTD) ratio to 20 gradient update steps on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Aditya Bhatt , Daniel Palenicek , Boris Belousov , Max Argus , Artemij Amiranashvili , Thomas Brox , Jan Peters

Weight decay is often used to ensure good generalization in the training practice of deep neural networks with batch normalization (BN-DNNs), where some convolution layers are invariant to weight rescaling due to the normalization. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Ziquan Liu , Yufei Cui , Jia Wan , Yu Mao , Antoni B. Chan

High update-to-data (UTD) ratio algorithms in reinforcement learning (RL) improve sample efficiency but incur high computational costs, limiting real-world scalability. We propose Offline Stabilization Phases for Efficient Q-Learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Carlo Romeo , Girolamo Macaluso , Alessandro Sestini , Andrew D. Bagdanov

Quality-Diversity (QD) algorithms excel at discovering diverse repertoires of skills, but are hindered by poor sample efficiency and often require tens of millions of environment steps to solve complex locomotion tasks. Recent advances in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Behrad Koohy , Jamie Bayne

Building deep reinforcement learning (RL) agents that find a good policy with few samples has proven notoriously challenging. To achieve sample efficiency, recent work has explored updating neural networks with large numbers of gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Claas A Voelcker , Marcel Hussing , Eric Eaton , Amir-massoud Farahmand , Igor Gilitschenski

As models grow larger and training them becomes expensive, it becomes increasingly important to scale training recipes not just to larger models and more data, but to do so in a compute-optimal manner that extracts maximal performance per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Preston Fu , Oleh Rybkin , Zhiyuan Zhou , Michal Nauman , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine , Aviral Kumar

The successful training of deep neural networks requires addressing challenges such as overfitting, numerical instabilities leading to divergence, and increasing variance in the residual stream. A common solution is to apply regularization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Jörg K. H. Franke , Urs Spiegelhalter , Marianna Nezhurina , Jenia Jitsev , Frank Hutter , Michael Hefenbrock

Over the past few years, Batch-Normalization has been commonly used in deep networks, allowing faster training and high performance for a wide variety of applications. However, the reasons behind its merits remained unanswered, with several…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-08 Elad Hoffer , Ron Banner , Itay Golan , Daniel Soudry

Sample efficiency is a central property of effective deep reinforcement learning algorithms. Recent work has improved this through added complexity, such as larger models, exotic network architectures, and more complex algorithms, which are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Daniel Palenicek , Florian Vogt , Joe Watson , Ingmar Posner , Jan Peters

Sample efficiency in Reinforcement Learning (RL) has traditionally been driven by algorithmic enhancements. In this work, we demonstrate that scaling can also lead to substantial improvements. We conduct a thorough investigation into the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-04 Michal Nauman , Mateusz Ostaszewski , Krzysztof Jankowski , Piotr Miłoś , Marek Cygan

Training agents via off-policy deep reinforcement learning (RL) requires a large memory, named replay memory, that stores past experiences used for learning. These experiences are sampled, uniformly or non-uniformly, to create the batches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Bumgeun Park , Taeyoung Kim , Woohyeon Moon , Luiz Felipe Vecchietti , Dongsoo Har

Deep convolutional neural networks are known to be unstable during training at high learning rate unless normalization techniques are employed. Normalizing weights or activations allows the use of higher learning rates, resulting in faster…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Brendan Ruff , Taylor Beck , Joscha Bach

Model-free reinforcement learning has been successfully applied to a range of challenging problems, and has recently been extended to handle large neural network policies and value functions. However, the sample complexity of model-free…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-03-03 Shixiang Gu , Timothy Lillicrap , Ilya Sutskever , Sergey Levine

Reinforcement learning (RL) for complex tasks remains a challenge, primarily due to the difficulties of engineering scalar reward functions and the inherent inefficiency of training models from scratch. Instead, it would be better to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Finn Rietz , Erik Schaffernicht , Stefan Heinrich , Johannes Andreas Stork

Deep Q-learning Network (DQN) is a successful way which combines reinforcement learning with deep neural networks and leads to a widespread application of reinforcement learning. One challenging problem when applying DQN or other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Zhe Zhang , Yukun Zou , Junjie Lai , Qing Xu

In data-parallel synchronous training of deep neural networks, different devices (replicas) run the same program with different partitions of the training batch, but weight update computation is repeated on all replicas, because the weights…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Yuanzhong Xu , HyoukJoong Lee , Dehao Chen , Hongjun Choi , Blake Hechtman , Shibo Wang

While contemporary reinforcement learning research and applications have embraced policy gradient methods as the panacea of solving learning problems, value-based methods can still be useful in many domains as long as we can wrangle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Ashwin Ramaswamy , Ransalu Senanayake

Data augmentation (DA) is a crucial technique for enhancing the sample efficiency of visual reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. Notably, employing simple observation transformations alone can yield outstanding performance without extra…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Guozheng Ma , Linrui Zhang , Haoyu Wang , Lu Li , Zilin Wang , Zhen Wang , Li Shen , Xueqian Wang , Dacheng Tao

We theoretically explore the relationship between sample-efficiency and adaptivity in reinforcement learning. An algorithm is sample-efficient if it uses a number of queries $n$ to the environment that is polynomial in the dimension $d$ of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Emmeran Johnson , Ciara Pike-Burke , Patrick Rebeschini
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