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Rehearsal is one of the key techniques for mitigating catastrophic forgetting and has been widely adopted in continual learning algorithms due to its simplicity and practicality. However, the theoretical understanding of how rehearsal scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 JinLi He , Liang Bai , Xian Yang

We formulate the continual learning (CL) problem via dynamic programming and model the trade-off between catastrophic forgetting and generalization as a two-player sequential game. In this approach, player 1 maximizes the cost due to lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Krishnan Raghavan , Prasanna Balaprakash

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in real-world settings increasingly face the need to unlearn sensitive, outdated, or proprietary information. Existing unlearning methods typically formulate forgetting and retention as a regularized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Taha Entesari , Arman Hatami , Rinat Khaziev , Anil Ramakrishna , Mahyar Fazlyab

The ability to sequentially learn multiple tasks without forgetting is a key skill of biological brains, whereas it represents a major challenge to the field of deep learning. To avoid catastrophic forgetting, various continual learning…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Francesco Lässig , Pau Vilimelis Aceituno , Martino Sorbaro , Benjamin F. Grewe

Continual learning (CL) has two main objectives: preventing catastrophic forgetting (CF) and encouraging knowledge transfer (KT). The existing literature mainly focused on overcoming CF. Some work has also been done on KT when the tasks are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Zixuan Ke , Bing Liu , Wenhan Xiong , Asli Celikyilmaz , Haoran Li

Large Language Models (LMs) are known to encode world knowledge in their parameters as they pretrain on a vast amount of web corpus, which is often utilized for performing knowledge-dependent downstream tasks such as question answering,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Joel Jang , Seonghyeon Ye , Sohee Yang , Joongbo Shin , Janghoon Han , Gyeonghun Kim , Stanley Jungkyu Choi , Minjoon Seo

Humans can continuously learn new knowledge. However, machine learning models suffer from drastic dropping in performance on previous tasks after learning new tasks. Cognitive science points out that the competition of similar knowledge is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Runqi Wang , Yuxiang Bao , Baochang Zhang , Jianzhuang Liu , Wentao Zhu , Guodong Guo

Continual learning, or lifelong learning, is a formidable current challenge to machine learning. It requires the learner to solve a sequence of $k$ different learning tasks, one after the other, while retaining its aptitude for earlier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-25 Xi Chen , Christos Papadimitriou , Binghui Peng

A growing body of research in continual learning focuses on the catastrophic forgetting problem. While many attempts have been made to alleviate this problem, the majority of the methods assume a single model in the continual learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Thang Doan , Seyed Iman Mirzadeh , Mehrdad Farajtabar

Continual learning aims to learn new tasks without forgetting previously learned ones. We hypothesize that representations learned to solve each task in a sequence have a shared structure while containing some task-specific properties. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-22 Sayna Ebrahimi , Franziska Meier , Roberto Calandra , Trevor Darrell , Marcus Rohrbach

Artificial intelligence (AI) and neuroscience share a rich history, with advancements in neuroscience shaping the development of AI systems capable of human-like knowledge retention. Leveraging insights from neuroscience and existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-24 Hikmat Khan , Nidhal Carla Bouaynaya , Ghulam Rasool

Continual learning algorithms which keep the parameters of new tasks close to that of previous tasks, are popular in preventing catastrophic forgetting in sequential task learning settings. However, 1) the performance for the new continual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Wei Cong , Yang Cong , Gan Sun , Yuyang Liu , Jiahua Dong

A fundamental challenge in Continual Learning (CL) is catastrophic forgetting, where adapting to new tasks degrades the performance on previous ones. While the field has evolved with diverse methods, this rapid surge in diverse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Wenbin Li , Shangge Liu , Borui Kang , Yiyang Chen , KaXuan Lew , Yang Chen , Yinghuan Shi , Lei Wang , Yang Gao , Jiebo Luo

Existing research on task incremental learning in continual learning has primarily focused on preventing catastrophic forgetting (CF). Although several techniques have achieved learning with no CF, they attain it by letting each task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Tatsuya Konishi , Mori Kurokawa , Chihiro Ono , Zixuan Ke , Gyuhak Kim , Bing Liu

Catastrophic forgetting can be trivially alleviated by keeping all data from previous tasks in memory. Therefore, minimizing the memory footprint while maximizing the amount of relevant information is crucial to the challenge of continual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Christiaan Lamers , Ahmed Nabil Belbachir , Thomas Bäck , Niki van Stein

Connectionist models such as neural networks suffer from catastrophic forgetting. In this work, we study this problem from the perspective of information theory and define forgetting as the increase of description lengths of previous data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Xu He , Min Lin

We introduce Continual Learning via Neural Pruning (CLNP), a new method aimed at lifelong learning in fixed capacity models based on neuronal model sparsification. In this method, subsequent tasks are trained using the inactive neurons and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Siavash Golkar , Michael Kagan , Kyunghyun Cho

Online Continual Learning (CL) solves the problem of learning the ever-emerging new classification tasks from a continuous data stream. Unlike its offline counterpart, in online CL, the training data can only be seen once. Most existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Maorong Wang , Nicolas Michel , Ling Xiao , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Rapid development of large-scale pre-training has resulted in foundation models that can act as effective feature extractors on a variety of downstream tasks and domains. Motivated by this, we study the efficacy of pre-trained vision models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Oleksiy Ostapenko , Timothee Lesort , Pau Rodríguez , Md Rifat Arefin , Arthur Douillard , Irina Rish , Laurent Charlin

Artificial neural networks thrive in solving the classification problem for a particular rigid task, acquiring knowledge through generalized learning behaviour from a distinct training phase. The resulting network resembles a static entity…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Matthias De Lange , Rahaf Aljundi , Marc Masana , Sarah Parisot , Xu Jia , Ales Leonardis , Gregory Slabaugh , Tinne Tuytelaars