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A concise tutorial is provided for analysis of the spatial degrees of freedom (DoFs) in continuous-aperture array (CAPA)-based continuous electromagnetic (EM) channels. First, a simplified spatial model is introduced using the Fresnel…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-11 Chongjun Ouyang , Boqun Zhao , Xingqi Zhang , Yuanwei Liu

The secrecy performance of continuous-aperture array (CAPA)-based wiretap channels in terms of secrecy rate and secrecy outage probability (SOP) is analyzed. First, the system models of CAPA systems with maximum-ratio transmission under a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Xuan Yang , Chongjun Ouyang , Dongming Li , Yuanwei Liu

Continuous aperture arrays (CAPAs) provide a theoretical upper bound on the performance of densely packed antenna arrays, but their analysis is limited by the lack of closed-form signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) distributions under realistic…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Amy S. Inwood , Abdulla Firag , Peter J. Smith , Michail Matthaiou

A framework of continuous-aperture array (CAPA)-based integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) under a fading communication channel is proposed. A continuous operator-based signal model is developed, and the statistics of the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-04 Boqun Zhao , Chongjun Ouyang , Xingqi Zhang , Yuanwei Liu

A general fading model for multipath channels between two non-parallel continuous-aperture arrays (CAPAs) is proposed. Building on this model, the performance of diversity and multiplexing achieved by CAPAs over fading channels is analyzed.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-31 Chongjun Ouyang , Zhaolin Wang , Xingqi Zhang , Yuanwei Liu

Emerging wireless systems are evolving toward larger, denser, higher-frequency, and more reconfigurable apertures, which motivates the study of continuous-aperture arrays (CAPAs). Unlike conventional spatially discrete arrays (SPDAs), CAPAs…

In this paper, we consider the transmission of confidential information over a $\kappa$-$\mu$ fading channel in the presence of an eavesdropper, who also observes $\kappa$-$\mu$ fading. In particular, we obtain novel analytical solutions…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-07-27 Nidhi Bhargav , Simon L. Cotton , David E. Simmons

The performance of continuous aperture array (CAPA)-based wireless communications is analyzed in an uplink scenario. An analytical framework is proposed to characterize uplink CAPA-based transmission using electromagnetic field theories. On…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-28 Chongjun Ouyang , Yuanwei Liu , Xingqi Zhang

A continuous aperture array (CAPA)-based secure communication system is investigated, where a base station equipped with a CAPA transmits signals to a legitimate user under the existence of an eavesdropper. For improving the secrecy…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-16 Jingjing Zhao , Haowen Song , Xidong Mu , Kaiquan Cai , Yanbo Zhu , Yuanwei Liu

Passive Radar Systems have received tremendous attention during the past few decades, due to their low cost and ability to remain covert during operation. Such systems do not transmit any energy themselves, but rely on a so-called…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-29 Mats Viberg , Daniele Gerosa , Tomas McKelvey , Thomas Eriksson

A novel electromagnetic (EM) structure termed flexible continuous aperture array (FCAPA) is proposed, which incorporates inherent surface flexibility into typical continuous aperture array (CAPA) systems, thereby enhancing the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-13 Kuranage Roche Rayan Ranasinghe , Zhaolin Wang , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Emil Björnson

The capacity of fading channels under peak and average power constraints in the low-SNR regime is investigated. We show that the capacity scales essentially as ${C \approx A \ \text{SNR} \int_{1- \frac{1}{A}}^1 F^{-1}\left(t\right)dt}$,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-11-21 Longguang Li , Lokman Sboui , Zouheir Rezki , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Consider the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of a continuous fluid antenna system (CFAS) operating over a Rayleigh fading channel. In this paper, we extend traditional system assumptions and consider spatially coherent isotropic correlation,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-13 Peter J. Smith , Amy S. Inwood , Michail Matthaiou , Rajitha Senanayake

In this paper we deal with a single-antenna discrete-time flat-fading channel. The fading process is assumed to be stationary for the duration of a single data block. From block to block the fading process is allowed to be non-stationary.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Thomas Zemen , Stefan M. Moser

The capacity of a discrete-time channel with correlated phase noises is investigated. In particular, the electro-optic frequency comb system is considered, where the phase noise of each subchannel is a combination of two independent Wiener…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Mohammad Farsi , Hamdi Joudeh , Gabriele Liga , Alex Alvarado , Magnus Karlsson , Erik Agrell

Accurate fading characterization and channel capacity determination are of paramount importance in both conventional and emerging communication systems. The present work addresses the nonlinearity of the propagation medium and its effects…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-12-30 Paschalis C. Sofotasios , Sami Muhaidat , Mikko Valkama , Mounir Ghogho , George K. Karagiannidis

The concept of aperture selection is proposed for continuous aperture array (CAPA)-based communications. The achieved performance is analyzed in an uplink scenario by considering both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS)…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-28 Chongjun Ouyang , Yuanwei Liu , Xingqi Zhang

This paper investigates the characteristics of energy detection (ED) over composite $\kappa$-$\mu$ shadowed fading channels in ultra machine-type communication (mMTC) networks. We have derived the closed-form expressions of the probability…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-01 He Huang , Zeping Sui , Zilong Liu , Wei Huang , Md. Noor-A-Rahim , Haishi Wang , Zhiheng Hu

The proposed research performs an analysis of the capacity higher-order statistics for a single-input multiple-output multiantenna wireless communication system equipped with a maximum-ratio combining scheme. It was assumed that the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Aleksey S. Gvozdarev

The capacity limits of continuous-aperture array (CAPA)-based wireless communications are characterized. To this end, an analytically tractable transmission framework is established for both uplink and downlink CAPA systems. Based on this…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Boqun Zhao , Chongjun Ouyang , Xingqi Zhang , Yuanwei Liu
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