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Perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD) predicts that the small-$x$ gluons in a hadron wavefunction should form a Color Glass Condensate (CGC), characterized by a saturation scale $Q_s (x, A)$ which is energy and atomic number dependent.…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-01-07 M. S. Kugeratski , V. P. Goncalves , F. S. Navarra

QCD jets produced in heavy-ion collisions at LHC or RHIC energies partially evolve inside the produced hot and dense quark gluon plasma, offering unique opportunities to study QCD splitting processes in different backgrounds. Induced…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-06-17 João Barata , Fabio Domínguez , Carlos Salgado , Víctor Vila

We review the properties of the strongly interacting quark-gluon plasma (QGP) at finite temperature $T$ and baryon chemical potential $\mu_B$ as created in heavy-ion collisions at ultrarelativistic energies. The description of the strongly…

The ability to measure detailed aspects of the substructure of high-energy jets traversing the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) has provided a new window into its internal dynamics. However, drawing robust conclusions from traditional jet…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-09-08 Carlota Andres , Fabio Dominguez , Jack Holguin , Cyrille Marquet , Ian Moult

A phenomenological analysis of the experimental measurements of transverse momentum spectra of identified charged hadrons and strange hyperons in Pb-Pb and Xe-Xe collisions at the LHC is presented. The analysis is based on the relativistic…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-12-21 L. Vermunt , Y. Seemann , A. Dubla , S. Floerchinger , E. Grossi , A. Kirchner , S. Masciocchi , I. Selyuzhenkov

Heavy quarks, which are produced at the earliest stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, probe the entire history of the quark-gluon plasma that is created in the collision. Initially the plasma is populated with chromodynamic fields…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2020-06-24 Margaret E. Carrington , Alina Czajka , Stanislaw Mrowczynski

In the past decade the observation of cross section modification for leading hadrons, heavy flavor and two particle correlations in heavy ion collisions has provided important insights into the dynamics of parton propagation in dense…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-23 Ivan Vitev

A brief review of the phenomenological studies in the field of heavy ion collisions based on the Color Glass Condensate theory and, in particular, of those relying in the use of the BK equation including running coupling effects is…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-07-29 Javier L Albacete

Heavy flavor observables provide valuable information on the properties of the hot and dense Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) created in ultra-relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. Various microscopic models have successfully described many of…

Recent estimates that Color Glass Condensate initial conditions may generate a larger initial eccentricity for noncentral relativistic heavy ion collisions (relative to the initial eccentricity assumed in earlier hydrodynamic calculations)…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 T. Lappi , R. Venugopalan

Effects caused by the event-by-event fluctuation of the initial conditions in hydrodynamical description of high-energy heavy-ion collisions are investigated. Non-negligible effects appear for several observable quantities, even for a fixed…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2014-11-17 C. E. Aguiar , Y. Hama , T. Kodama , T. Osada

Using our developed new relativistic viscous hydrodynamics code, we investigate the temperature dependence of shear and bulk viscosities from comparison with the ALICE data: single particle spectra and collective flows of Pb+Pb…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2019-01-08 Kazuhisa Okamoto , Chiho Nonaka

The dipole cross-section behavior for protons and nuclei is analyzed with and without considering the heavy quark masses in the Bjorken variable $x$ using the Kharzeev-Levin-Nardi (KLN) model of low $x$ gluon distributions. The Color Glass…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-04-30 G. R. Boroun

The Impact-Parameter dependent Color Glass Condensate (b-CGC) dipole model is based on the Balitsky-Kovchegov non-linear evolution equation and improves the Iancu-Itakura-Munier dipole model by incorporating the impact-parameter dependence…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2013-10-30 Amir H. Rezaeian , Ivan Schmidt

In high-energy heavy-ion collisions, a nearly perfect fluid is formed, known as the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (QGP). After a short thermalization period, the evolution of this medium can be described by the equations of…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-04-10 Gábor László Kasza

Many features of heavy-ion collisions are well described by hybrid approaches, where the droplet of strongly coupled quark gluon plasma (QGP) is modeled by hydrodynamics and the subsequent dilute stage is performed with a hadronic transport…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2026-05-14 Lucas Constantin , Niklas Götz , Carl B. Rosenkvist , Hannah Elfner

While perturbative QCD is sufficient for understanding the color, mass and energy dependences of parton energy loss and jet quenching at large transverse momentum in heavy-ion collisions, a simultaneous description of heavy flavor nuclear…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-01-03 Wen-Jing Xing , Guang-You Qin , Shanshan Cao

A framework combining Yang-Mills dynamics of the pre-equilibrium glasma with relativistic viscous hydrodynamic evolution of the quark-gluon plasma and hadron gas phases is presented. Event-by-event fluctuations of nucleon positions and…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-11 Charles Gale , Sangyong Jeon , Bjoern Schenke , Prithwish Tribedy , Raju Venugopalan

This study employs the isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck model to simulate intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions between prolate nuclei $^{24}$Mg. The emphasis is on investigating the influence of centrality and orientation…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-09-12 Xiao-Hua Fan , Zu-Xing Yang , Peng-Hui Chen , Shunji Nishimura , Zhi-Pan Li

Hadron-hadron interaction and Deep Inelastic Scattering (DIS) at very high energies is dominated by events at small-$x_B$ regime. Interesting and complex physical content of this regime is described by a phenomenological model called…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-01-25 Houri Ziaeepour