Related papers: Fundamentals of Vacuum Breakdown in High-Field Sys…
Vacuum systems are an intrinsic part of any accelerator around the world: all particles circulate under vacuum. This lecture gives rudiments on the fundamentals of vacuum science such as units, ideal gas law, partial pressure, mean free…
Continuing the description of rf vacuum arcs from an earlier paper, we describe some aspects of the interaction of vacuum arcs that involve the surface. This paper describes aspects of plasma materials interactions that affect the arc and…
The effective and reliable operation of particle accelerator machines is strongly related to obtaining and keeping the required ultra-high vacuum level. This paper briefly presents some generic requirements to take in consideration for…
We focus on the process of plasma acceleration in the presence of non-negligible thermal effects, wherein a driver of relativistic electrons perturbs a warm neutral plasma and generates a wakefield structure. We study the acceleration…
X-band accelerator structures meeting the Next Linear Collider (NLC) design requirements have been found to suffer vacuum surface damage caused by radio frequency (RF) breakdown, when processed to high electric-field gradients. Improved…
Understanding the underlying factors responsible for higher-than-anticipated local field enhancements that trigger vacuum breakdown on pristine metal surfaces is crucial for the development of devices capable of withstanding intense…
We discuss the spontaneous breakdown of the vacuum by a strong electromagnetic field as observed in SLAC experiment E-144. We show that the data follow the Schwinger non-perturbative result obtained for a static field.
This paper describes the CERN's vacuum control system from the field devices to the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition software. First, a particular attention is given to the environment present in the accelerators, like noise…
Vacuum fluctuations give rise to effective nonlinear interactions between electromagnetic fields. These generically modify the characteristics of light traversing a strong-field region. X-ray free-electron lasers constitute a particularly…
The new High Repetition Rate (HRR) CERN DC Spark System has been used to investigate the current and voltage time structure of a breakdown. Simulations indicate that vacuum breakdowns develop on ns timescales or even less. An experimental…
Comsol finite element technique was applied to study heating and cooling of a microspot on the cathode surface. The reasons why there seems to be no common model for vacuum arcs, in spite of the importance of this field and the level of…
The CLIC linear collider aims at accelerating multiple bunches of electrons and positrons and colliding them at a centre of mass energy of 3 TeV. These bunches will be accelerated through X-band linacs, operating at an accelerating…
High magnetic fields can increase the occurrence of vacuum arcing, suggesting that both electric and magnetic fields can play a role in the vacuum arcing process. The mechanism of vacuum arcing in high magnetic fields is believed to involve…
The study of droplet generation in wind tunnels in conducting icing experiments is of great importance in determining ice formation on structures or surfaces, where parameters such as Liquid Water Content (LWC) and Median Volumetric…
Vacuum breakdowns in particle accelerators and other devices operating at high electric fields is a common problem in the operation of these devices. It has been proposed that the onset of vacuum breakdowns is associated with appearance of…
A good vacuum performance in particle accelerators is vital for their successful operation. The reasons why a good vacuum is needed, together with the basics of vacuum physics and technology and the main gas sources inside the vacuum…
The question of decoupling and freeze-out is reinvestigated and analysed in terms of transparent semi-classical decoupling formulae, which provide a smooth decoupling in time both, for single and two particle inclusive spectra. They…
Plastic response due to dislocation activity under intense electric fields is proposed as a source of breakdown. A model is formulated based on stochastic multiplication and arrest under the stress generated by the field. A critical…
A new class of exclusion type processes acting in continuum with synchronous updating is introduced and studied. Ergodic averages of particle velocities are obtained and their connections to other statistical quantities, in particular to…
High-gradient acceleration is a key research area that could enable compact linear accelerators for future colliders, light sources, and other applications. In the pursuit of high-gradient operation, RF breakdown limits the attainable…