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Real-time bidding has emerged as an effective online advertising technique. With real-time bidding, advertisers can position ads per impression, enabling them to optimise ad campaigns by targeting specific audiences in real-time. This paper…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Parikshit Sharma

Real-Time Bidding (RTB) is an important paradigm in display advertising, where advertisers utilize extended information and algorithms served by Demand Side Platforms (DSPs) to improve advertising performance. A common problem for DSPs is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-05-30 Xun Yang , Yasong Li , Hao Wang , Di Wu , Qing Tan , Jian Xu , Kun Gai

Real-Time Bidding is nowadays one of the most promising systems in the online advertising ecosystem. In the presented study, the performance of RTB campaigns is improved by optimising the parameters of the users' profiles and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Luis Miralles , M. Atif Qureshi , Brian Mac Namee

Real-time bidding (RTB) has become a major paradigm of display advertising. Each ad impression generated from a user visit is auctioned in real time, where demand-side platform (DSP) automatically provides bid price usually relying on the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Zhimeng Jiang , Kaixiong Zhou , Mi Zhang , Rui Chen , Xia Hu , Soo-Hyun Choi

This paper describes an engine to optimize web publisher revenues from second-price auctions. These auctions are widely used to sell online ad spaces in a mechanism called real-time bidding (RTB). Optimization within these auctions is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Pedro Chahuara , Nicolas Grislain , Grégoire Jauvion , Jean-Michel Renders

We study the problem of selecting large language models (LLMs) for user queries in settings where multiple LLM providers submit the cost of solving a query. From the users' perspective, choosing an optimal model is a sequential,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Pronoy Patra , Sankarshan Damle , Manisha Padala , Sujit Gujar

This paper investigates the integration of large language models (LLMs) as reasoning agents in repeated spectrum auctions within heterogeneous networks (HetNets). While auction-based mechanisms have been widely employed for efficient…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ismail Lotfi , Ali Ghrayeb , Samson Lasaulce , Merouane Debbah

Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating human-like responses but often struggle with interactive tasks that require access to real-time information. This limitation poses challenges in finance, where models must access up-to-date…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ankur Sinha , Chaitanya Agarwal , Pekka Malo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities in mathematical and scientific tasks. To enhance complex reasoning, multi-agent systems have been proposed to harness the collective intelligence of LLM agents.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Zhenyu Bi , Meng Lu , Yang Li , Swastik Roy , Weijie Guan , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang

In online display advertising, guaranteed contracts and real-time bidding (RTB) are two major ways to sell impressions for a publisher. For large publishers, simultaneously selling impressions through both guaranteed contracts and in-house…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Di Wu , Cheng Chen , Xiujun Chen , Junwei Pan , Xun Yang , Qing Tan , Jian Xu , Kuang-Chih Lee

Real-Time Bidding (RTB) is an important mechanism in modern online advertising systems. Advertisers employ bidding strategies in RTB to optimize their advertising effects subject to various financial requirements, especially the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Haozhe Wang , Chao Du , Panyan Fang , Shuo Yuan , Xuming He , Liang Wang , Bo Zheng

In online advertising systems, publishers often face a trade-off in information disclosure strategies: while disclosing more information can enhance efficiency by enabling optimal allocation of ad impressions, it may lose revenue potential…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yue Yin

Maximizing utility with a budget constraint is the primary goal for advertisers in real-time bidding (RTB) systems. The policy maximizing the utility is referred to as the optimal bidding strategy. Earlier works on optimal bidding strategy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Aritra Ghosh , Saayan Mitra , Somdeb Sarkhel , Viswanathan Swaminathan

In online display advertising, guaranteed contracts and real-time bidding (RTB) are two major ways to sell impressions for a publisher. Despite the increasing popularity of RTB, there is still half of online display advertising revenue…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Di Wu , Cheng Chen , Xun Yang , Xiujun Chen , Qing Tan , Jian Xu , Kun Gai

Today, billions of display ad impressions are purchased on a daily basis through a public auction hosted by real time bidding (RTB) exchanges. A decision has to be made for advertisers to submit a bid for each selected RTB ad request in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-05-15 Kuang-Chih Lee , Ali Jalali , Ali Dasdan

Large language models (LLMs) struggle in real-world clinical consultations. Single-turn consultation systems require patients to describe all symptoms at once, which often leads to unclear complaints and vague diagnoses. Traditional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yichun Feng , Jiawei Wang , Lu Zhou , Yikai Zheng , Zhen Lei , Yixue Li

The ad-trading desks of media-buying agencies are increasingly relying on complex algorithms for purchasing advertising inventory. In particular, Real-Time Bidding (RTB) algorithms respond to many auctions -- usually Vickrey auctions --…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-06-20 Joaquin Fernandez-Tapia , Olivier Guéant , Jean-Michel Lasry

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) is remarkably effective in addressing sequential resource allocation problems in domains such as healthcare, public policy, and resource management. However, deep RL policies often lack transparency and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Mauricio Tec , Guojun Xiong , Haichuan Wang , Francesca Dominici , Milind Tambe

Online Real-Time Bidding (RTB) is a complex auction game among which advertisers struggle to bid for ad impressions when a user request occurs. Considering display cost, Return on Investment (ROI), and other influential Key Performance…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-07 Haolin Zhou , Chaoqi Yang , Xiaofeng Gao , Qiong Chen , Gongshen Liu , Guihai Chen

Displaying banner advertisements (in short, ads) on webpages has usually been discussed as an Internet economics topic where a publisher uses auction models to sell an online user's page view to advertisers and the one with the highest bid…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-02 Xiang Chen , Bowei Chen , Mohan Kankanhalli