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Increasing the size of large language models (LLMs) has been shown to lead to better performance. However, this comes at the cost of slower and more expensive inference. Early-exiting is a promising approach for improving the efficiency of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Jort Vincenti , Karim Abdel Sadek , Joan Velja , Matteo Nulli , Metod Jazbec

Deep neural networks have long training and processing times. Early exits added to neural networks allow the network to make early predictions using intermediate activations in the network in time-sensitive applications. However, early…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Devdhar Patel , Hava Siegelmann

Deep neural networks have become larger over the years with increasing demand of computational resources for inference; incurring exacerbate costs and leaving little room for deployment on devices with limited battery and other resources…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Aaqib Saeed

Recent advances in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have demonstrated outstanding performance across various domains. However, their large size is a challenge for deployment on resource-constrained devices such as mobile, edge, and IoT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Divya Jyoti Bajpai , Manjesh Kumar Hanawal

This work introduces EE-Tuning, a lightweight and economical solution to training/tuning early-exit large language models (LLMs). In contrast to the common approach of full-parameter pre-training, EE-Tuning augments any pre-trained (and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Xuchen Pan , Yanxi Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

Early Exit Neural Networks (EENNs) present a solution to enhance the efficiency of neural network deployments. However, creating EENNs is challenging and requires specialized domain knowledge, due to the large amount of additional design…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Max Sponner , Lorenzo Servadei , Bernd Waschneck , Robert Wille , Akash Kumar

Deployment of dynamic neural networks on edge accelerators requires careful consideration of hardware constraints beyond conventional complexity metrics such as Multiply-Accumulate operations. In Early-Exiting Neural Networks (EENN), exit…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Alaa Zniber , Arne Symons , Ouassim Karrakchou , Marian Verhelst , Mounir Ghogho

In the past decade, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) achieved state-of-the-art performance in a broad range of problems, spanning from object classification and action recognition to smart building and healthcare. The flexibility that makes DNNs…

Deploying Machine learning (ML) on milliwatt-scale edge devices (tinyML) is gaining popularity due to recent breakthroughs in ML and Internet of Things (IoT). Most tinyML research focuses on model compression techniques that trade accuracy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Nikhil P Ghanathe , Steve Wilton

Although deep neural networks and in particular Convolutional Neural Networks have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance in image classification with relatively high efficiency, they still exhibit high computational costs, often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Martial Guidez , Stefan Duffner , Yannick Alpou , Oscar Röth , Christophe Garcia

In real scenarios, it is often necessary and significant to control the inference speed of speech enhancement systems under different conditions. To this end, we propose a stage-wise adaptive inference approach with early exit mechanism for…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Andong Li , Chengshi Zheng , Lu Zhang , Xiaodong Li

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) often suffer from \emph{overthinking}, a phenomenon in which redundant reasoning steps are generated after a correct solution has already been reached. Existing early reasoning exit methods primarily rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Kang Liu , Yongkang Liu , Xiaocui Yang , Peidong Wang , Wen Zhang , Shi Feng , Yifei Zhang , Daling Wang

By adding exiting layers to the deep learning networks, early exit can terminate the inference earlier with accurate results. The passive decision-making of whether to exit or continue the next layer has to go through every pre-placed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-29 Xiangjie Li , Chenfei Lou , Zhengping Zhu , Yuchi Chen , Yingtao Shen , Yehan Ma , An Zou

Dynamic early exiting has been proven to improve the inference speed of the pre-trained language model like BERT. However, all samples must go through all consecutive layers before early exiting and more complex samples usually go through…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Boren Hu , Yun Zhu , Jiacheng Li , Siliang Tang

Search engine ranking pipelines are commonly based on large ensembles of machine-learned decision trees. The tight constraints on query response time recently motivated researchers to investigate algorithms to make faster the traversal of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Claudio Lucchese , Franco Maria Nardini , Salvatore Orlando , Raffaele Perego , Salvatore Trani

Deploying deep learning services for time-sensitive and resource-constrained settings such as IoT using edge computing systems is a challenging task that requires dynamic adjustment of inference time. Multi-exit architectures allow deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Arian Bakhtiarnia , Qi Zhang , Alexandros Iosifidis

Early-exit neural networks have become popular for reducing inference latency by allowing intermediate predictions when sufficient confidence is achieved. However, standard approaches typically rely on single-model confidence thresholds,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Matteo Gambella , Fabrizio Pittorino , Giuliano Casale , Manuel Roveri

With deep neural networks (DNNs) emerging as the backbone in a multitude of computer vision tasks, their adoption in real-world applications broadens continuously. Given the abundance and omnipresence of smart devices in the consumer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Alexandros Kouris , Stylianos I. Venieris , Stefanos Laskaridis , Nicholas D. Lane

Large language models have achieved remarkable capabilities, but their practical deployment is hindered by significant computational costs. While adaptive computation methods like early-exiting promise to reduce these costs, they introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Sangmin Bae

Despite much success in natural language processing (NLP), pre-trained language models typically lead to a high computational cost during inference. Multi-exit is a mainstream approach to address this issue by making a trade-off between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Yiming Chen , Simin Chen , Zexin Li , Wei Yang , Cong Liu , Robby T. Tan , Haizhou Li