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Deep Learning is becoming increasingly relevant in Embedded and Internet-of-things applications. However, deploying models on embedded devices poses a challenge due to their resource limitations. This can impact the model's inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Max Sponner , Lorenzo Servadei , Bernd Waschneck , Robert Wille , Akash Kumar

Today, artificial neural networks are the state of the art for solving a variety of complex tasks, especially in image classification. Such architectures consist of a sequence of stacked layers with the aim of extracting useful information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Simone Sarti , Eugenio Lomurno , Matteo Matteucci

By leveraging the data sample diversity, the early-exit network recently emerges as a prominent neural network architecture to accelerate the deep learning inference process. However, intermediate classifiers of the early exits introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Rongkang Dong , Yuyi Mao , Jun Zhang

Early-exit neural networks (EENNs) enable adaptive and efficient inference by providing predictions at multiple stages during the forward pass. In safety-critical applications, these predictions are meaningful only when accompanied by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Metod Jazbec , Patrick Forré , Stephan Mandt , Dan Zhang , Eric Nalisnick

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit exceptional performance across various downstream tasks. However, they encounter limitations due to slow inference speeds stemming from their extensive parameters. The early exit (EE) is an approach that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Weiqiao Shan , Long Meng , Tong Zheng , Yingfeng Luo , Bei Li , junxin Wang , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Large Language Models (LLMs) based on transformers achieve cutting-edge results on a variety of applications. However, their enormous size and processing requirements hinder deployment on constrained resources. To enhance efficiency,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Wazib Ansar , Saptarsi Goswami , Amlan Chakrabarti

Early-exit mechanisms allow deep neural networks to stop inference once prediction confidence is high, reducing latency and energy on easy inputs while retaining full-depth accuracy on harder ones. Similarly, adding early exit mechanisms to…

In Large Language Model (LLM) inference, early-exit refers to stopping computation at an intermediate layer once the prediction is sufficiently confident, thereby reducing latency and cost. However, recent LLMs adopt improved pretraining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Rui Wei , Rui Du , Hanfei Yu , Devesh Tiwari , Jian Li , Zhaozhuo Xu , Hao Wang

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are generally designed as sequentially cascaded differentiable blocks/layers with a prediction module connected only to its last layer. DNNs can be attached with prediction modules at multiple points along the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Hari Narayan N U , Manjesh K. Hanawal , Avinash Bhardwaj

Large-scale Transformer models bring significant improvements for various downstream vision language tasks with a unified architecture. The performance improvements come with increasing model size, resulting in slow inference speed and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Shengkun Tang , Yaqing Wang , Zhenglun Kong , Tianchi Zhang , Yao Li , Caiwen Ding , Yanzhi Wang , Yi Liang , Dongkuan Xu

Encoder-decoder transformer models have achieved great success on various vision-language (VL) tasks, but they suffer from high inference latency. Typically, the decoder takes up most of the latency because of the auto-regressive decoding.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Peng Tang , Pengkai Zhu , Tian Li , Srikar Appalaraju , Vijay Mahadevan , R. Manmatha

Early-exiting neural networks enable adaptive inference by allowing inputs to exit at intermediate classifiers, reducing computation for easy samples while maintaining high accuracy. In practice, exits can be trained sequentially by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Alaa Zniber , Ouassim Karrakchou , Mounir Ghogho

Automatic modulation classification (AMC) plays a critical role in wireless communications by autonomously classifying signals transmitted over the radio spectrum. Deep learning (DL) techniques are increasingly being used for AMC due to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Elsayed Mohammed , Omar Mashaal , Hatem Abou-Zeid

We present EE-LLM, a framework for large-scale training and inference of early-exit large language models (LLMs). While recent works have shown preliminary evidence for the efficacy of early exiting in accelerating LLM inference, EE-LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yanxi Chen , Xuchen Pan , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Jingren Zhou

Machine learning models can solve complex tasks but often require significant computational resources during inference. This has led to the development of various post-training computation reduction methods that tackle this issue in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Florence Regol , Joud Chataoui , Bertrand Charpentier , Mark Coates , Pablo Piantanida , Stephan Gunnemann

Early-exiting dynamic neural networks (EDNN), as one type of dynamic neural networks, has been widely studied recently. A typical EDNN has multiple prediction heads at different layers of the network backbone. During inference, the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Haichao Yu , Haoxiang Li , Gang Hua , Gao Huang , Humphrey Shi

Modern search engine ranking pipelines are commonly based on large machine-learned ensembles of regression trees. We propose LEAR, a novel - learned - technique aimed to reduce the average number of trees traversed by documents to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Francesco Busolin , Claudio Lucchese , Franco Maria Nardini , Salvatore Orlando , Raffaele Perego , Salvatore Trani

Deep neural network (DNN) models are increasingly popular in edge video analytic applications. However, the compute-intensive nature of DNN models pose challenges for energy-efficient inference on resource-constrained edge devices. Most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Ziyang Zhang , Yang Zhao , Ming-Ching Chang , Changyao Lin , Jie Liu

Collaborative inference systems are one of the emerging solutions for deploying deep neural networks (DNNs) at the wireless network edge. Their main idea is to divide a DNN into two parts, where the first is shallow enough to be reliably…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Mikolaj Jankowski , Deniz Gunduz , Krystian Mikolajczyk

Deep Ensembles are a simple, reliable, and effective method of improving both the predictive performance and uncertainty estimates of deep learning approaches. However, they are widely criticised as being computationally expensive, due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Guoxuan Xia , Christos-Savvas Bouganis