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Network traffic classification is an important part of network monitoring and network management. Three traditional methods for network traffic classification are flow-based, session-based, and packet-based, while flow-based and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Yahui Hu , Ziqian Zeng , Junping Song , Luyang Xu , Xu Zhou

Encrypted traffic classification requires discriminative and robust traffic representation captured from content-invisible and imbalanced traffic data for accurate classification, which is challenging but indispensable to achieve network…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Xinjie Lin , Gang Xiong , Gaopeng Gou , Zhen Li , Junzheng Shi , Jing Yu

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are evaluated on various benchmarks, such as image captioning, visual question answering, and reasoning. However, many of these benchmarks include overly simple or uninformative samples, complicating…

Low-dimensional embeddings are a cornerstone in the modelling and analysis of complex networks. However, most existing approaches for mining network embedding spaces rely on computationally intensive machine learning systems to facilitate…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Alexandros Xenos , Noel-Malod Dognin , Natasa Przulj

The proliferation of cloud data center applications and network function virtualization (NFV) boosts dynamic and QoS dependent traffic into the data centers network. Currently, lots of network routing protocols are requirement agnostic,…

In modern communication networks driven by 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT), effective network traffic flow classification is crucial for Quality of Service (QoS) management and security. Traditional centralized machine learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jiazhuo Tian , Yachao Yuan

Existing website fingerprinting and traffic classification solutions do not work well when the evaluation context changes, as their performances often heavily rely on context-specific assumptions. To clarify this problem, we take three…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Elham Akbari , Zihao Zhou , Mohammad Ali Salahuddin , Noura Limam , Raouf Boutaba , Bertrand Mathieu , Stephanie Moteau , Stephane Tuffin

Internet traffic classification has become more important with rapid growth of current Internet network and online applications. There have been numerous studies on this topic which have led to many different approaches. Most of these…

Recently, several studies have shown that utilizing contextual information to perceive target states is crucial for object tracking. They typically capture context by incorporating multiple video frames. However, these naive frame-context…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Chenlong Xu , Bineng Zhong , Qihua Liang , Yaozong Zheng , Guorong Li , Shuxiang Song

Text classification is a critical research topic with broad applications in natural language processing. Recently, graph neural networks (GNNs) have received increasing attention in the research community and demonstrated their promising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Kaize Ding , Jianling Wang , Jundong Li , Dingcheng Li , Huan Liu

Real-world applications of object recognition often require the solution of multiple tasks in a single platform. Under the standard paradigm of network fine-tuning, an entirely new CNN is learned per task, and the final network size is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Pedro Morgado , Nuno Vasconcelos

In computer networking, network traffic refers to the amount of data transmitted in the form of packets between internetworked computers or Cyber-Physical Systems. Monitoring and analyzing network traffic is crucial for ensuring the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Chen Qian , Xiaochang Li , Qineng Wang , Gang Zhou , Huajie Shao

Due to network operation and maintenance relying heavily on network traffic monitoring, traffic matrix analysis has been one of the most crucial issues for network management related tasks. However, it is challenging to reliably obtain the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Xinyu Yuan , Yan Qiao , Zhenchun Wei , Zeyu Zhang , Minyue Li , Pei Zhao , Rongyao Hu , Wenjing Li

The deployment of machine learning algorithms on resource-constrained edge devices is an important challenge from both theoretical and applied points of view. In this article, we focus on resource-efficient randomly connected neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Denis Kleyko , Mansour Kheffache , E. Paxon Frady , Urban Wiklund , Evgeny Osipov

The classification of network traffic using machine learning (ML) models is one of the primary mechanisms to address the security issues in IoT networks and/or IoT devices. However, the ML models often act as black-boxes that create a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Priyanka Rushikesh Chaudhary , Manan Gupta , Jabez Christopher , Putrevu Venkata Sai Charan , Rajib Ranjan Maiti

With the growing significance of network security, the classification of encrypted traffic has emerged as an urgent challenge. Traditional byte-based traffic analysis methods are constrained by the rigid granularity of information and fail…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Haozhen Zhang , Haodong Yue , Xi Xiao , Le Yu , Qing Li , Zhen Ling , Ye Zhang

Encrypted traffic classification is the task of identifying the application or service associated with encrypted network traffic. One effective approach for this task is to use deep learning methods to encode the raw traffic bytes directly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Wei Peng , Lei Cui , Wei Cai , Zhenquan Ding , Zhiyu Hao , Xiaochun Yun

In the Internet of Things (IoT) environment, continuous interaction among a large number of devices generates complex and dynamic network traffic, which poses significant challenges to rule-based detection approaches. Machine learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Chao Zha , Haolin Pan , Bing Bai , Jiangxing Wu , Ruyun Zhang

Websites, as essential digital assets, are highly vulnerable to cyberattacks because of their high traffic volume and the significant impact of breaches. This study aims to enhance the identification of web traffic attacks by leveraging…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Daniel Urda , Branly Martínez , Nuño Basurto , Meelis Kull , Ángel Arroyo , Álvaro Herrero

How do neural network image classifiers respond to simpler and simpler inputs? And what do such responses reveal about the learning process? To answer these questions, we need a clear measure of input simplicity (or inversely, complexity),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Robin Tibor Schirrmeister , Rosanne Liu , Sara Hooker , Tonio Ball