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In the context of image classification, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) first embed images into a set of human-understandable concepts, followed by an intrinsically interpretable classifier that predicts labels based on these intermediate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Haifei Zhang , Patrick Barry , Eduardo Brandao

Deep learning algorithms have recently gained significant attention due to their impressive performance. However, their high complexity and un-interpretable mode of operation hinders their confident deployment in real-world safety-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Konstantinos P. Panousis , Dino Ienco , Diego Marcos

Explainable AI (XAI) is crucial for building transparent and trustworthy machine learning systems, especially in high-stakes domains. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a promising ante-hoc approach that provides…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Hanwei Zhang , Luo Cheng , Rui Wen , Yang Zhang , Lijun Zhang , Holger Hermanns

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a promising interpretable method whose final prediction is based on intermediate, human-understandable concepts rather than the raw input. Through time-consuming manual interventions, a user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Moritz Vandenhirtz , Sonia Laguna , Ričards Marcinkevičs , Julia E. Vogt

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) improve the explainability of black-box Deep Learning (DL) by introducing intermediate semantic concepts. However, standard CBMs often overlook domain-specific relationships and causal mechanisms, and their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Reza M. Asiyabi , SEOSAW Partnership , Steven Hancock , Casey Ryan

Interpretability is a crucial factor in building reliable models for various medical applications. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enable interpretable image classification by utilizing human-understandable concepts as intermediate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Injae Kim , Jongha Kim , Joonmyung Choi , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Recently, interpretable machine learning has re-explored concept bottleneck models (CBM). An advantage of this model class is the user's ability to intervene on predicted concept values, affecting the downstream output. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Sonia Laguna , Ričards Marcinkevičs , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Julia E. Vogt

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have garnered much attention for their ability to elucidate the prediction process through a human-understandable concept layer. However, most previous studies focused on static scenarios where the data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Hongbin Lin , Chenyang Ren , Juangui Xu , Zhengyu Hu , Cheng-Long Wang , Yao Shu , Hui Xiong , Jingfeng Zhang , Di Wang , Lijie Hu

The integration of vision-language models such as CLIP and Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offers a promising approach to explaining deep neural network (DNN) decisions using concepts understandable by humans, addressing the black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Townim F. Chowdhury , Vu Minh Hieu Phan , Kewen Liao , Minh-Son To , Yutong Xie , Anton van den Hengel , Johan W. Verjans , Zhibin Liao

Concept-bottleneck models (CBMs) are neural classifiers that compute predictions from high-level concepts extracted from the input. CBMs ensure stakeholders can understand the concepts -- and the predictions they entail -- by learning these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Nicola Debole , Andrea Passerini , Stefano Teso , Andrea Pugnana , Emanuele Marconato

Deep learning has achieved remarkable success in image recognition, yet their inherent opacity poses challenges for deployment in critical domains. Concept-based interpretations aim to address this by explaining model reasoning through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shizhan Gong , Xiaofan Zhang , Qi Dou

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are interpretable models that predict the target variable through high-level human-understandable concepts, allowing users to intervene on mispredicted concepts to adjust the final output. While recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Wiktor Jan Hoffmann , Sonia Laguna , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Emanuele Palumbo , Julia E. Vogt

The demand for reliable AI systems has intensified the need for interpretable deep neural networks. Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) have gained attention as an effective approach by leveraging human-understandable concepts to enhance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Sangwon Kim , Dasom Ahn , Byoung Chul Ko , In-su Jang , Kwang-Ju Kim

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to improve interpretability in Deep Learning by structuring predictions through human-understandable concepts, but they provide no way to verify whether learned concepts align with the human's intended…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Stefano Colamonaco , David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Giuseppe Marra

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in computer vision; however, their black-box nature in decision-making limits interpretability and trust, particularly in safety-critical applications. Interpretability is crucial in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ran Eisenberg , Amit Rozner , Ethan Fetaya , Ofir Lindenbaum

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are a prominent framework for interpretable AI that map learned visual features to a set of meaningful concepts for task-specific downstream predictions. Their sequential structure enhances transparency by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Mohamed Harmanani , Bining Long , Zhuoxin Guo , Paul F. R. Wilson , Amirhossein Sabour , Minh Nguyen Nhat To , Gabor Fichtinger , Purang Abolmaesumi , Parvin Mousavi

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs), which predict human-interpretable concepts (e.g., nucleus shapes in cell images) before predicting the final output (e.g., cell type), provide insights into the decision-making processes of the model.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Winnie Pang , Xueyi Ke , Satoshi Tsutsui , Bihan Wen

Interpretable models are designed to make decisions in a human-interpretable manner. Representatively, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) follow a two-step process of concept prediction and class prediction based on the predicted concepts. CBM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Eunji Kim , Dahuin Jung , Sangha Park , Siwon Kim , Sungroh Yoon

Advancements in foundation models (FMs) have led to a paradigm shift in machine learning. The rich, expressive feature representations from these pre-trained, large-scale FMs are leveraged for multiple downstream tasks, usually via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Jihye Choi , Jayaram Raghuram , Yixuan Li , Somesh Jha

Deep learning representations are often difficult to interpret, which can hinder their deployment in sensitive applications. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a promising approach to mitigate this issue by learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Antonio Almudévar , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Alfonso Ortega