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Foundation models have revolutionized computer vision by enabling broad generalization across diverse tasks. Yet, they remain highly susceptible to adversarial perturbations and targeted backdoor attacks. Mitigating such vulnerabilities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Amel Abdelraheem , Alessandro Favero , Gerome Bovet , Pascal Frossard

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in real-world settings increasingly face the need to unlearn sensitive, outdated, or proprietary information. Existing unlearning methods typically formulate forgetting and retention as a regularized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Taha Entesari , Arman Hatami , Rinat Khaziev , Anil Ramakrishna , Mahyar Fazlyab

We introduce a Noise-based prior Learning (NoL) approach for training neural networks that are intrinsically robust to adversarial attacks. We find that the implicit generative modeling of random noise with the same loss function used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-04 Priyadarshini Panda , Kaushik Roy

Backdoor defense, which aims to detect or mitigate the effect of malicious triggers introduced by attackers, is becoming increasingly critical for machine learning security and integrity. Fine-tuning based on benign data is a natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Mingli Zhu , Shaokui Wei , Li Shen , Yanbo Fan , Baoyuan Wu

The objective of digital forgetting is, given a model with undesirable knowledge or behavior, obtain a new model where the detected issues are no longer present. The motivations for forgetting include privacy protection, copyright…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Alberto Blanco-Justicia , Najeeb Jebreel , Benet Manzanares , David Sánchez , Josep Domingo-Ferrer , Guillem Collell , Kuan Eeik Tan

Reinforcement learning (RL) makes an agent learn from trial-and-error experiences gathered during the interaction with the environment. Recently, offline RL has become a popular RL paradigm because it saves the interactions with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Chen Gong , Zhou Yang , Yunpeng Bai , Junda He , Jieke Shi , Kecen Li , Arunesh Sinha , Bowen Xu , Xinwen Hou , David Lo , Tianhao Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are employed across various high-stakes domains, where the reliability of their outputs is crucial. One commonly used method to assess the reliability of LLMs' responses is uncertainty estimation, which gauges…

Machine unlearning is a process to remove specific data points from a trained model while maintaining the performance on the retain data, addressing privacy or legal requirements. Despite its importance, existing unlearning evaluations tend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yongwoo Kim , Sungmin Cha , Donghyun Kim

Large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about potential security threats despite performing significantly in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Backdoor attacks initially verified that LLM is doing substantial harm at all stages,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Pengzhou Cheng , Yidong Ding , Tianjie Ju , Zongru Wu , Wei Du , Ping Yi , Zhuosheng Zhang , Gongshen Liu

Our goal is to understand how post-training methods, such as fine-tuning, alignment, and unlearning, modify language model behavior and representations. We are particularly interested in the brittle nature of these modifications that makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy Qian , Vinith Suriyakumar , Ashia Wilson , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

Lifelong learning (LL) aims to improve a predictive model as the data source evolves continuously. Most work in this learning paradigm has focused on resolving the problem of 'catastrophic forgetting,' which refers to a notorious dilemma…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Jinghan Jia , Yihua Zhang , Dogyoon Song , Sijia Liu , Alfred Hero

Modern large reasoning models (LRMs) exhibit impressive multi-step problem-solving via chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning. However, this iterative thinking mechanism introduces a new vulnerability surface. We present the Deadlock Attack, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Mohan Zhang , Yihua Zhang , Jinghan Jia , Zhangyang Wang , Sijia Liu , Tianlong Chen

Jailbreak attacks pose a serious threat to the safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) by crafting adversarial prompts that bypass alignment mechanisms, causing the models to produce harmful, restricted, or biased content. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Xiangman Li , Xiaodong Wu , Qi Li , Jianbing Ni , Rongxing Lu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success across diverse domains, enabling autonomous systems to learn and adapt to dynamic environments by optimizing a reward function. However, this reliance on reward signals creates a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Bokang Zhang , Chaojun Lu , Jianhui Li , Junfeng Wu

Machine unlearning focuses on efficiently removing specific data from trained models, addressing privacy and compliance concerns with reasonable costs. Although exact unlearning ensures complete data removal equivalent to retraining, it is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Nima Naderloui , Shenao Yan , Binghui Wang , Jie Fu , Wendy Hui Wang , Weiran Liu , Yuan Hong

This work tackles an intriguing and fundamental open challenge in representation learning: Given a well-trained deep learning model, can it be reprogrammed to enhance its robustness against adversarial or noisy input perturbations without…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Zhichao Hou , MohamadAli Torkamani , Hamid Krim , Xiaorui Liu

Machine Unlearning has emerged as a significant area of research, focusing on `removing' specific subsets of data from a trained model. Fine-tuning (FT) methods have become one of the fundamental approaches for approximating unlearning, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Meng Ding , Rohan Sharma , Changyou Chen , Jinhui Xu , Kaiyi Ji

Prompt-based learning paradigm bridges the gap between pre-training and fine-tuning, and works effectively under the few-shot setting. However, we find that this learning paradigm inherits the vulnerability from the pre-training stage,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Lei Xu , Yangyi Chen , Ganqu Cui , Hongcheng Gao , Zhiyuan Liu

Driven by privacy protection laws and regulations, unlearning in Large Language Models (LLMs) is gaining increasing attention. However, current research often neglects the interpretability of the unlearning process, particularly concerning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Xiaohua Feng , Yuyuan Li , Chengye Wang , Junlin Liu , Li Zhang , Chaochao Chen

Machine Unlearning has recently garnered significant attention, aiming to selectively remove knowledge associated with specific data while preserving the model's performance on the remaining data. A fundamental challenge in this process is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Gaurav Patel , Qiang Qiu