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Unlearning in large language models (LLMs) aims to remove harmful training data while preserving overall utility. However, we find that existing methods often hallucinate, generate abnormal token sequences, or behave inconsistently, raising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Renjie Gu , Jiazhen Du , Yihua Zhang , Sijia Liu

This study investigates a counterintuitive phenomenon in adversarial machine learning: the potential for noise-based defenses to inadvertently aid evasion attacks in certain scenarios. While randomness is often employed as a defensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Steve Bakos , Pooria Madani , Heidar Davoudi

Representation Misdirection for Unlearning (RMU), which steers model representation in the intermediate layer to a target random representation, is an effective method for large language model (LLM) unlearning. Despite its high performance,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Dang Huu-Tien , Trung-Tin Pham , Hoang Thanh-Tung , Naoya Inoue

The widespread popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs), partly due to their unique ability to perform in-context learning, has also brought to light the importance of ethical and safety considerations when deploying these pre-trained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Karuna Bhaila , Minh-Hao Van , Xintao Wu

Large language models (LLMs) often memorize private information during training, raising serious privacy concerns. While machine unlearning has emerged as a promising solution, its true effectiveness against privacy attacks remains unclear.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Xiaoyi Chen , Haoyuan Wang , Siyuan Tang , Sijia Liu , Liya Su , XiaoFeng Wang , Haixu Tang

Machine unlearning aims to remove the influence of specific training data from pre-trained models without retraining from scratch, and is increasingly important for large language models (LLMs) due to safety, privacy, and legal concerns.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ruihao Pan , Suhang Wang

Learning systems are typically optimized by minimizing loss or maximizing reward, assuming that improvements in these signals reflect progress toward the true objective. However, when feedback reliability is unobservable, this assumption…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhipeng Zhang , Zhenjie Yao , Kai Li , Lei Yang

Language models can retain dangerous knowledge and skills even after extensive safety fine-tuning, posing both misuse and misalignment risks. Recent studies show that even specialized unlearning methods can be easily reversed. To address…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Filip Sondej , Yushi Yang , Mikołaj Kniejski , Marcel Windys

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed across various applications, privacy and copyright concerns have heightened the need for more effective LLM unlearning techniques. Many existing unlearning methods aim to suppress…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Tomoya Yamashita , Akira Ito , Yuuki Yamanaka , Masanori Yamada , Takayuki Miura , Toshiki Shibahara

Training machine learning models requires the storage of large datasets, which often contain sensitive or private data. Storing data is associated with a number of potential risks which increase over time, such as database breaches and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Aviraj Newatia , Michael Cooper , Viet Nguyen , Rahul G. Krishnan

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) generate structured chains of thought (CoTs) before producing final answers, making them especially vulnerable to knowledge leakage through intermediate reasoning steps. Yet, the memorization of sensitive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Tuan Le , Wei Qian , Mengdi Huai

The pretrained large language models (LLMs) are finetuned with labeled data for better instruction following ability and alignment with human values. In this paper, we study the learning dynamics of LLM finetuning on reasoning tasks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhiwen Ruan , Yun Chen , Yutao Hou , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Guanhua Chen

Unlearning methods have the potential to improve the privacy and safety of large language models (LLMs) by removing sensitive or harmful information post hoc. The LLM unlearning research community has increasingly turned toward empirical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Pratiksha Thaker , Shengyuan Hu , Neil Kale , Yash Maurya , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Virginia Smith

Language models, characterized by their black-box nature, often hallucinate and display sensitivity to input perturbations, causing concerns about trust. To enhance trust, it is imperative to gain a comprehensive understanding of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Vatsal Gupta , Pranshu Pandya , Tushar Kataria , Vivek Gupta , Dan Roth

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is an emerging paradigm that significantly boosts a Large Language Model's (LLM's) reasoning abilities on complex logical tasks, such as mathematics and programming. However, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Weiyang Guo , Zesheng Shi , Zeen Zhu , Yuan Zhou , Min Zhang , Jing Li

Machine unlearning, a process enabling pre-trained models to remove the influence of specific training samples, has attracted significant attention in recent years. While extensive research has focused on developing efficient unlearning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Heng Xu , Tianqing Zhu , Wanlei Zhou

Machine unlearning is a promising approach to mitigate undesirable memorization of training data in ML models. However, in this work we show that existing approaches for unlearning in LLMs are surprisingly susceptible to a simple set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shengyuan Hu , Yiwei Fu , Zhiwei Steven Wu , Virginia Smith

Backdoor attacks compromise the integrity and reliability of machine learning models by embedding a hidden trigger during the training process, which can later be activated to cause unintended misbehavior. We propose a novel backdoor…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Felix Hsieh , Huy H. Nguyen , AprilPyone MaungMaung , Dmitrii Usynin , Isao Echizen

Large language models (LLMs) have seen significant advancements, achieving superior performance in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, from understanding to reasoning. However, they remain vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Chen Chen , Yuchen Sun , Xueluan Gong , Jiaxin Gao , Kwok-Yan Lam

Since Deep Learning (DL) backdoor attacks have been revealed as one of the most insidious adversarial attacks, a number of countermeasures have been developed with certain assumptions defined in their respective threat models. However, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Huming Qiu , Hua Ma , Zhi Zhang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Wei Kang , Anmin Fu , Yansong Gao