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Graph neural networks (GNNs) have become increasingly popular for classification tasks on graph-structured data. Yet, the interplay between graph topology and feature evolution in GNNs is not well understood. In this paper, we focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Vignesh Kothapalli , Tom Tirer , Joan Bruna

Neural collapse (NC) and its multi-layer variant, deep neural collapse (DNC), describe a structured geometry that occurs in the features and weights of trained deep networks. Recent theoretical work by Sukenik et al. using a deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Connall Garrod , Jonathan P. Keating

Meta-learning frameworks for few-shot learning aims to learn models that can learn new skills or adapt to new environments rapidly with a few training examples. This has led to the generalizability of the developed model towards new classes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Saaketh Medepalli , Naren Doraiswamy

The neural collapse (NC) phenomenon describes an underlying geometric symmetry for deep neural networks, where both deeply learned features and classifiers converge to a simplex equiangular tight frame. It has been shown that both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Weiyang Liu , Longhui Yu , Adrian Weller , Bernhard Schölkopf

Recent findings reveal that over-parameterized deep neural networks, trained beyond zero training-error, exhibit a distinctive structural pattern at the final layer, termed as Neural-collapse (NC). These results indicate that the final…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Tina Behnia , Christos Thrampoulidis

Training deep neural networks for classification often includes minimizing the training loss beyond the zero training error point. In this phase of training, a "neural collapse" behavior has been observed: the variability of features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Tom Tirer , Haoxiang Huang , Jonathan Niles-Weed

Neural collapse provides an elegant mathematical characterization of learned last layer representations (a.k.a. features) and classifier weights in deep classification models. Such results not only provide insights but also motivate new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Jiachen Jiang , Jinxin Zhou , Peng Wang , Qing Qu , Dustin Mixon , Chong You , Zhihui Zhu

This work bridges two important concepts: the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK), which captures the evolution of deep neural networks (DNNs) during training, and the Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon, which refers to the emergence of symmetry and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Mariia Seleznova , Dana Weitzner , Raja Giryes , Gitta Kutyniok , Hung-Hsu Chou

A vast amount of literature has recently focused on the "Neural Collapse" (NC) phenomenon, which emerges when training neural network (NN) classifiers beyond the zero training error point. The core component of NC is the decrease in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Vignesh Kothapalli , Tom Tirer

The empirical emergence of neural collapse -- a surprising symmetry in the feature representations of the training data in the penultimate layer of deep neural networks -- has spurred a line of theoretical research aimed at its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Peter Súkeník , Christoph H. Lampert , Marco Mondelli

Neural collapse is an emergent phenomenon in deep learning that was recently discovered by Papyan, Han and Donoho. We propose a simple "unconstrained features model" in which neural collapse also emerges empirically. By studying this model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Dustin G. Mixon , Hans Parshall , Jianzong Pi

Neural Collapse (NC) presents an elegant geometric structure that enables individual activations (features), class means and classifier (weights) vectors to reach \textit{optimal} inter-class separability during the terminal phase of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Enhao Zhang , Chaohua Li , Chuanxing Geng , Songcan Chen

Neural collapse (NC) is a simple and symmetric phenomenon for deep neural networks (DNNs) at the terminal phase of training, where the last-layer features collapse to their class means and form a simplex equiangular tight frame aligning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Sicong Wang , Kuo Gai , Shihua Zhang

Neural Collapse refers to the curious phenomenon in the end of training of a neural network, where feature vectors and classification weights converge to a very simple geometrical arrangement (a simplex). While it has been observed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Jingtong Su , Ya Shi Zhang , Nikolaos Tsilivis , Julia Kempe

With the ever-increasing complexity of large-scale pre-trained models coupled with a shortage of labeled data for downstream training, transfer learning has become the primary approach in many fields, including natural language processing,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Xiao Li , Sheng Liu , Jinxin Zhou , Xinyu Lu , Carlos Fernandez-Granda , Zhihui Zhu , Qing Qu

Neural Collapse (NC) is a recently observed phenomenon in neural networks that characterises the solution space of the final classifier layer when trained until zero training loss. Specifically, NC suggests that the final classifier layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Evan Markou , Thalaiyasingam Ajanthan , Stephen Gould

We study deep neural networks for the multi-label classification (MLab) task through the lens of neural collapse (NC). Previous works have been restricted to the multi-class classification setting and discovered a prevalent NC phenomenon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Pengyu Li , Xiao Li , Yutong Wang , Qing Qu

Recent studies empirically demonstrate the positive relationship between the transferability of neural networks and the within-class variation of the last layer features. The recently discovered Neural Collapse (NC) phenomenon provides a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Jing Xu , Haoxiong Liu

Deep neural networks (DNNs) exhibit a surprising structure in their final layer known as neural collapse (NC), and a growing body of works has currently investigated the propagation of neural collapse to earlier layers of DNNs -- a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Peter Súkeník , Marco Mondelli , Christoph Lampert

The recent work of Papyan, Han, & Donoho (2020) presented an intriguing "Neural Collapse" phenomenon, showing a structural property of interpolating classifiers in the late stage of training. This opened a rich area of exploration studying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Like Hui , Mikhail Belkin , Preetum Nakkiran