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Monoidal algebraic structures consist of operations that can have multiple outputs as well as multiple inputs, which have applications in many areas including categorical algebra, programming language semantics, representation theory,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-10-14 Aleks Kissinger , Vladimir Zamdzhiev

We develop layered monoidal theories -- a generalisation of monoidal theories combining formal descriptions of a system at different levels of abstraction. Via their representation as string diagrams, monoidal theories provide a graphical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Leo Lobski , Fabio Zanasi

We present a categorical formulation of the cognitive frameworks of Predictive Processing and Active Inference, expressed in terms of string diagrams interpreted in a monoidal category with copying and discarding. This includes diagrammatic…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-03 Sean Tull , Johannes Kleiner , Toby St Clere Smithe

We present a general homotopical analysis of structured diagram spaces and discuss the relation to symmetric spectra. The main motivating examples are the I-spaces, which are diagrams indexed by finite sets and injections, and J-spaces,…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2012-08-29 Steffen Sagave , Christian Schlichtkrull

This note gives generators and relations for the strict monoidal category of probabilistic maps on finite cardinals (i.e., stochastic matrices).

Category Theory · Mathematics 2009-03-31 Tobias Fritz

We give an alternate conception of string diagrams as labeled 1-dimensional oriented cobordisms, the operad of which we denote by Cob/O, where O is the set of string labels. The axioms of traced (symmetric monoidal) categories are fully…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2018-06-06 David I. Spivak , Patrick Schultz , Dylan Rupel

The ALEA Coq library formalizes measure theory based on a variant of the Giry monad on the category of sets. This enables the interpretation of a probabilistic programming language with primitives for sampling from discrete distributions.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Martin E. Bidlingmaier , Florian Faissole , Bas Spitters

We propose a categorical framework to reason about scientific explanations: descriptions of a phenomenon meant to translate it into simpler terms, or into a context that has been already understood. Our motivating examples come from systems…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Leo Lobski , Fabio Zanasi

This is a draft of the textbook/monograph that presents computability theory using string diagrams. The introductory chapters have been taught as graduate and undergraduate courses and evolved through 8 years of lecture notes. The later…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Dusko Pavlovic

Bimonoidal categories (also known as rig categories) are categories with two monoidal structures, one of which distributes over the other. We formally define sheet diagrams, a graphical calculus for bimonoidal categories that was informally…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2020-12-22 Cole Comfort , Antonin Delpeuch , Jules Hedges

String diagrams are a graphical language used to represent processes that can be composed sequentially or in parallel, which correspond graphically to horizontal or vertical juxtaposition. In this paper we demonstrate how to compute the…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-04-04 Celia Rubio-Madrigal , Jules Hedges

This paper introduces the concept of distorted monoidal categories, a generalization of monoidal and braided monoidal categories that supports non-reversible and direction-sensitive tensor structures. Unlike the classical setting, where the…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-25 Joaquim Reizi Higuchi

Extracting causal relationships from observed correlations is a growing area in probabilistic reasoning, originating with the seminal work of Pearl and others from the early 1990s. This paper develops a new, categorically oriented view…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Bart Jacobs , Aleks Kissinger , Fabio Zanasi

We start with definitions of the general notions of the theory of $\Bbb Z_{2}$-graded algebras. Then we consider theory of inductive families of $\Bbb Z_{2}$-graded semisimple finite-dimensional algebras and its representations in the…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2008-01-17 A. M. Vershik , A. N. Sergeev

We introduce context-free languages of morphisms in monoidal categories, extending recent work on the categorification of context-free languages, and regular languages of string diagrams. Context-free languages of string diagrams include…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Matt Earnshaw , Mario Román

We introduce string diagrams as a formal mathematical, graphical language to represent, compose, program and reason about games. The language is well established in quantum physics, quantum computing and quantum linguistic with the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-04-21 Jules Hedges , Evguenia Shprits , Viktor Winschel , Philipp Zahn

This is a report on aspects of the theory and use of monoidal categories. The first section introduces the main concepts through the example of the category of vector spaces. String notation is explained and shown to lead naturally to a…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2012-10-05 Ross Street

A type theory is presented that combines (intuitionistic) linear types with type dependency, thus properly generalising both intuitionistic dependent type theory and full linear logic. A syntax and complete categorical semantics are…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Matthijs Vákár

A symmetric monoidal category is a category equipped with an associative and commutative (binary) product and an object which is the unit for the product. In fact, those properties only hold up to natural isomorphisms which satisfy some…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2017-07-19 Matteo Acclavio

A string diagram is a two-dimensional graphical representation that can be described as a one-dimensional term generated from a set of primitives using sequential and parallel compositions. Since different syntactic terms may represent the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Julie Cailler , Noé Delorme , Simon Perdrix , Sophie Tourret