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A crucial consideration when developing and deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) is the human values to which these models are aligned. In the constitutional framework of alignment models are aligned to a set of principles (the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Henry Bell , Lara Neubauer da Costa Schertel , Bochu Ding , Brandon Fain

Feedback data is widely used for fine-tuning and evaluating state-of-the-art AI models. Pairwise text preferences, where human or AI annotators select the "better" of two options, are particularly common. Such preferences are used to train…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Arduin Findeis , Timo Kaufmann , Eyke Hüllermeier , Samuel Albanie , Robert Mullins

Constitutional AI (CAI) guides LLM behavior using constitutions, but identifying which principles are most effective for model alignment remains an open challenge. We introduce the C3AI framework (\textit{Crafting Constitutions for CAI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yara Kyrychenko , Ke Zhou , Edyta Bogucka , Daniele Quercia

With the rapid development of large language models (LLMs), aligning LLMs with human values and societal norms to ensure their reliability and safety has become crucial. Reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF) and Constitutional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Xiusi Chen , Hongzhi Wen , Sreyashi Nag , Chen Luo , Qingyu Yin , Ruirui Li , Zheng Li , Wei Wang

There is growing consensus that language model (LM) developers should not be the sole deciders of LM behavior, creating a need for methods that enable the broader public to collectively shape the behavior of LM systems that affect them. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Saffron Huang , Divya Siddarth , Liane Lovitt , Thomas I. Liao , Esin Durmus , Alex Tamkin , Deep Ganguli

Constitutional AI is a method to oversee and control LLMs based on a set of rules written in natural language. These rules are typically written by human experts, but could in principle be learned automatically given sufficient training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Rushil Thareja , Gautam Gupta , Francesco Pinto , Nils Lukas

Ensuring the safety of large language models (LLMs) requires robust red teaming, yet the systematic synthesis of high-quality toxic data remains under-explored. We propose Reverse Constitutional AI (R-CAI), a framework for automated and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuan Fang , Yiming Luo , Aimin Zhou , Fei Tan

The growing capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have led to their use as substitutes for human feedback for training and assessing other LLMs. These methods often rely on `constitutions', written guidelines which a critic model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-18 Saskia Redgate , Andrew M. Bean , Adam Mahdi

The success of AI assistants based on Language Models (LLMs) hinges on Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) to comprehend and align with user intentions. However, traditional alignment algorithms, such as PPO, are hampered by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Songyang Gao , Qiming Ge , Wei Shen , Shihan Dou , Junjie Ye , Xiao Wang , Rui Zheng , Yicheng Zou , Zhi Chen , Hang Yan , Qi Zhang , Dahua Lin

As language models continue to grow larger, the cost of acquiring high-quality training data has increased significantly. Collecting human feedback is both expensive and time-consuming, and manual labels can be noisy, leading to an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Xue Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) acquire extensive knowledge and remarkable abilities from extensive text corpora, making them powerful tools for various applications. To make LLMs more usable, aligning them with human preferences is essential.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Mozhi Zhang , Pengyu Wang , Chenkun Tan , Mianqiu Huang , Dong Zhang , Yaqian Zhou , Xipeng Qiu

Aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences has become essential for safe and beneficial AI deployment. While Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) established the dominant paradigm, a proliferation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Tarun Raheja , Nilay Pochhi

This paper critically evaluates the attempts to align Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, especially Large Language Models (LLMs), with human values and intentions through Reinforcement Learning from Feedback (RLxF) methods, involving…

In aligning large language models (LLMs), utilizing feedback from existing advanced AI rather than humans is an important method to scale supervisory signals. However, it is highly challenging for AI to understand human intentions and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Rong Bao , Rui Zheng , Shihan Dou , Xiao Wang , Enyu Zhou , Bo Wang , Qi Zhang , Liang Ding , Dacheng Tao

Recent incidents highlight safety risks in Large Language Models (LLMs), motivating research into alignment methods like Constitutional AI (CAI). This paper explores CAI's self-critique mechanism on small, uncensored 7-9B parameter models:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Antonio-Gabriel Chacón Menke , Phan Xuan Tan

Recent empirical results have demonstrated that training large language models (LLMs) with negative-only feedback can match or exceed standard reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). Negative Sample Reinforcement achieves parity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Quan Cheng

Aligning AI agents to human intentions and values is a key bottleneck in building safe and deployable AI applications. But whose values should AI agents be aligned with? Reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF) has emerged as the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Abhilash Mishra

Human feedback can prevent overtly harmful utterances in conversational models, but may not automatically mitigate subtle problematic behaviors such as a stated desire for self-preservation or power. Constitutional AI offers an alternative,…

Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF) enables language models to improve by training on their own preference judgments, yet no theoretical account explains why this self-improvement seemingly works for value learning. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Robin Young
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