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Composite DNA is a recent method to increase the base alphabet size in DNA-based data storage.This paper models synthesizing and sequencing of composite DNA and introduces coding techniques to correct substitutions, losses of entire…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Frederik Walter , Omer Sabary , Antonia Wachter-Zeh , Eitan Yaakobi

Composite DNA is a recent novel method to increase the information capacity of DNA-based data storage above the theoretical limit of 2 bits/symbol. In this method, every composite symbol does not store a single DNA nucleotide but a mixture…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Tuan Thanh Nguyen , Chen Wang , Kui Cai , Yiwei Zhang , Zohar Yakhini

DNA Data storage has recently attracted much attention due to its durable preservation and extremely high information density (bits per gram) properties. In this work, we propose a hybrid coding strategy comprising of generalized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Yixin Wang , Li Deng , Md. Noor-A-Rahim , Erry Gunawan , Yong L. Guan , Zhi P. Shi , Chueh L. Poh

DNA, with remarkable properties of high density, durability, and replicability, is one of the most appealing storage media. Emerging DNA storage technologies use composite DNA letters, where information is represented by probability…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Wenkai Zhang , Zhiying Wang

DNA data storage offers a high-density, long-term alternative to traditional storage systems, addressing the exponential growth of digital data. Composite DNA extends this paradigm by leveraging mixtures of nucleotides to increase storage…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Busra Tegin , Tolga M Duman

Data storage in DNA is developing as a possible solution for archival digital data. Recently, to further increase the potential capacity of DNA-based data storage systems, the combinatorial composite DNA synthesis method was suggested. This…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Omer Sabary , Inbal Preuss , Ryan Gabrys , Zohar Yakhini , Leon Anavy , Eitan Yaakobi

DNA synthesis is considered as one of the most expensive components in current DNA storage systems. In this paper, focusing on a common synthesis machine, which generates multiple DNA strands in parallel following a fixed supersequence,we…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yajuan Liu , Tolga M. Duman

The synthesis of DNA strands remains the most costly part of the DNA storage system. Thus, to make DNA storage system more practical, the time and materials used in the synthesis process have to be optimized. We consider the most common…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-15 Johan Chrisnata , Han Mao Kiah , Van Long Phuoc Pham

DNA is an attractive medium for digital data storage. When data is stored on DNA, errors occur, which makes error-correcting coding techniques critical for reliable DNA data storage. To reduce the errors, a common technique is to include…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Franziska Weindel , Andreas L. Gimpel , Robert N. Grass , Reinhard Heckel

Motivated by DNA based data storage system, we investigate the errors that occur when synthesizing DNA strands in parallel, where each strand is appended one nucleotide at a time by the machine according to a template supersequence. If…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Ziyang Lu , Han Mao Kiah , Yiwei Zhang , Robert N. Grass , Eitan Yaakobi

Due to its higher data density, longevity, energy efficiency, and ease of generating copies, DNA is considered a promising storage technology for satisfying future needs. However, a diverse set of errors including deletions, insertions,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-05 Yuanyuan Tang , Shuche Wang , Hao Lou , Ryan Gabrys , Farzad Farnoud

We describe a strategy for constructing codes for DNA-based information storage by serial composition of weighted finite-state transducers. The resulting state machines can integrate correction of substitution errors; synchronization by…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Ian Holmes

In this paper, we study achievable rates of concatenated coding schemes over a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) storage channel. Our channel model incorporates the main features of DNA-based data storage. First, information is stored on many,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Andreas Lenz , Lorenz Welter , Sven Puchinger

As a medium for cold data storage, DNA stands out as it promises significant gains in storage capacity and lifetime. However, it comes with its own data processing challenges to overcome. Constrained codes over the DNA alphabet…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Canberk İrimağzı , Ahmed Hareedy

Storing digital data in synthetic DNA faces challenges in ensuring data reliability in the presence of edit errors--deletions, insertions, and substitutions--that occur randomly during various stages of the storage process. Current…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Serge Kas Hanna

We study the combination of two recent coding approaches, in the context of DNA based data storage. Composite DNA alphabets leverage properties of the DNA synthesis and sequencing process. A composite symbol does not represent a single…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Tomer Cohen , Eitan Yaakobi , Zohar Yakhini

DNA strands serve as a storage medium for $4$-ary data over the alphabet $\{A,T,G,C\}$. DNA data storage promises formidable information density, long-term durability, and ease of replicability. However, information in this intriguing…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Canberk İrimağzı , Yusuf Uslan , Ahmed Hareedy

This paper introduces a new solution to DNA storage that integrates all three steps of retrieval, namely clustering, reconstruction, and error correction. DNA-correcting codes are presented as a unique solution to the problem of ensuring…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Avital Boruchovsky , Daniella Bar-Lev , Eitan Yaakobi

To increase the information capacity of DNA storage, composite DNA letters were introduced. We propose a novel channel model for composite DNA in which composite sequences are decomposed into ordered standard non-composite sequences. The…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Besart Dollma , Ohad Elishco , Eitan Yaakobi

In this paper, we study error-correcting codes for the storage of data in synthetic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). We investigate a storage model where data is represented by an unordered set of $M$ sequences, each of length $L$. Errors…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Andreas Lenz , Paul H. Siegel , Antonia Wachter-Zeh , Eitan Yaakobi
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