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Technical debt is a metaphor indicating sub-optimal solutions implemented for short-term benefits by sacrificing the long-term maintainability and evolvability of software. A special type of technical debt is explicitly admitted by software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Yikun Li , Mohamed Soliman , Paris Avgeriou

Technical Debt occurs when development teams favour short-term operability over long-term stability. Since this places software maintainability at risk, technical debt requires early attention to avoid paying for accumulated interest. Most…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Abdulaziz Alhefdhi , Hoa Khanh Dam , Yusuf Sulistyo Nugroho , Hideaki Hata , Takashi Ishio , Aditya Ghose

Context: Technical lag accumulates when software systems fail to keep pace with technological advancements, leading to a deterioration in software quality. Objective: This paper aims to consolidate existing research on technical lag,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Shane K. Panter , Nasir U. Eisty

Context: Previous studies demonstrate that Machine or Deep Learning (ML/DL) models can detect Technical Debt from source code comments called Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD). Despite the importance of ML/DL in software development,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Emmanuel Iko-Ojo Simon , Chirath Hettiarachchi , Alex Potanin , Hanna Suominen , Fatemeh Fard

In the software development industry, technical debt is regarded as a critical issue in term of the negative consequences such as increased software development cost, low product quality, decreased maintainability, and slowed progress to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Simon Hacks , Hendrik Höfert , Johannes Salentin , Yoon Chow Yeong , Horst Lichter

This paper presents an analysis of technical debt management through resources allocation policies in software maintenance process during its operation to demonstrate how different strategies leads to the emergence of different behaviors…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-09-23 Eduardo Ferreira Franco , Joaquim Rocha , Hamilton Carvalho , Martins Marcelo , Kechi Hirama

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) encompasses a wide array of sub-optimal design and implementation choices reported in software artefacts (e.g., code comments and commit messages) by developers themselves. Such reports have been central…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Nicolás E. Díaz Ferreyra , Mojtaba Shahin , Mansooreh Zahedi , Sodiq Quadri , Ricardo Scandariato

While technical debt grows in absolute numbers as software systems evolve over time, the density of technical debt (technical debt divided by lines of code) is reduced in some cases. This can be explained by either the application of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-20 George Digkas , Alexander Chatzigeorgiou , Apostolos Ampatzoglou , Paris Avgeriou

Context: Technical Debt (TD) can be paid back either by those that incurred it or by others. We call the former self-fixed TD, and it can be particularly effective, as developers are experts in their own code and are well-suited to fix the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Jie Tan , Daniel Feitosa , Paris Avgeriou

Existing software tools enable characterizing and measuring the amount of technical debt at selective granularity levels. In this paper we aim to study the evolution and characteristics of technical debt in open-source software. We carry…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Arthur-Jozsef Molnar , Simona Motogna

Software practitioners can make sub-optimal decisions concerning requirements during gathering, documenting, prioritizing, and implementing requirements as software features or architectural design decisions -- this is captured by the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Judith Perera , Ewan Tempero , Yu-Cheng Tu , Kelly Blincoe , Matthias Galster

The technical state of software, i.e., its technical debt (TD) and maintainability are of increasing interest as ever more software is developed and deployed. Since td and maintainability are neither uniformly defined, not easy to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Rolf-Helge Pfeiffer , Mircea Lungu

Context. Technical Debt (TD) is a metaphor for technical problems that are not visible to users and customers but hinder developers in their work, making future changes more difficult. TD is often incurred due to tight project deadlines and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Marion Wiese , Paula Rachow , Matthias Riebisch , Julian Schwarze

Technical debt refers to suboptimal code that degrades software quality. When developers intentionally introduce such debt, it is called self-admitted technical debt (SATD). Since SATD hinders maintenance, identifying its categories is key…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Sota Nakashima , Yuta Ishimoto , Masanari Kondo , Tao Xiao , Yasutaka Kamei

The adoption of Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) technologies introduces maintenance challenges, leading to Technical Debt (TD). Algorithm Debt (AD) is a TD type that impacts the performance and scalability of ML/DL systems. A review of 42…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Emmanuel Iko-Ojo Simon , Chirath Hettiarachchi , Fatemeh Fard , Alex Potanin , Hanna Suominen

Technical Debt (TD) refers to non-optimal decisions made in software projects that may lead to short-term benefits, but potentially harm the system's maintenance in the long-term. Technical debt management (TDM) refers to a set of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 João Paulo Biazotto , Daniel Feitosa , Paris Avgeriou , Elisa Yumi Nakagawa

Software architecture is receiving increasingly attention as a critical design level for software systems. As software architecture design resources (in the form of architectural descriptions) are going to be accumulated, the development of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jianjun Zhao

Modern software is developed under considerable time pressure, which implies that developers more often than not have to resort to compromises when it comes to code that is well written and code that just does the job. This has led over the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Rungroj Maipradit , Bin Lin , Csaba Nagy , Gabriele Bavota , Michele Lanza , Hideaki Hata , Kenichi Matsumoto

Technical debt is a metaphor used to convey the idea that doing things in a "quick and dirty" way when designing and constructing a software leads to a situation where one incurs more and more deferred future expenses. Similarly to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-04-03 Alvine Boaye Belle

Background. Technical debt (TD) has long been one of the key factors influencing the maintainability of software products. It represents technical compromises that sacrifice long-term software quality for potential short-term benefits.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Xiaozhou Li , Matteo Esposito , Andrea Janes , Valentina Lenarduzzi