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Technical debt refers to taking shortcuts to achieve short-term goals, which might negatively influence software maintenance in the long-term. There is increasing attention on technical debt that is admitted by developers in source code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Yikun Li , Mohamed Soliman , Paris Avgeriou

Context: Previous research on software aging is limited with focus on dynamic runtime indicators like memory and performance, often neglecting evolutionary indicators like source code comments and narrowly examining legacy issues within the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Murali Sridharan , Mika Mäntylä , Leevi Rantala

Developers often opt for easier but non-optimal implementation to meet deadlines or create rapid prototypes, leading to additional effort known as technical debt to improve the code later. Oftentimes, developers explicitly document the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ibuki Nakamura , Yutaro Kashiwa , Bin Lin , Hajimu Iida

The emergence of open-source ML libraries such as TensorFlow and Google Auto ML has enabled developers to harness state-of-the-art ML algorithms with minimal overhead. However, during this accelerated ML development process, said developers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Aaditya Bhatia , Foutse Khomh , Bram Adams , Ahmed E Hassan

The technical debt (TD) metaphor describes actions made during various stages of software development that lead to a more costly future regarding system maintenance and evolution. According to recent studies, on average 25% of development…

In the process of software evolution, developers often sacrifice the long-term code quality to satisfy the short-term goals due to specific reasons, which is called technical debt. In particular, self-admitted technical debt (SATD) refers…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Zhaoqiang Guo , Shiran Liu , Jinping Liu , Yanhui Li , Lin Chen , Hongmin Lu , Yuming Zhou , Baowen Xu

NonTechnical Debt (NTD) is a common challenge in agile software development, manifesting in four critical forms, Process Debt, Social Debt, People Debt, Organizational debt. NODLA project is a collaboration between Karlstad University and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Muhammad Ovais Ahmad , Tomas Gustavsson

Self-admitted technical debt (SATD) is a particular case of Technical Debt (TD) where developers explicitly acknowledge their sub-optimal implementation decisions. Previous studies mine SATD by searching for specific TD-related terms in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-23 Laerte Xavier , Fabio Ferreira , Rodrigo Brito , Marco Tulio Valente

Developers often leave behind clues in their code, admitting where it falls short, known as Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD). In the world of Scientific Software (SSW), where innovation moves fast and collaboration is key, such debt is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Eric L. Melin , Ahmed Musa Awon , Nasir U. Eisty , Neil A. Ernst , Shurui Zhou

To complete tasks faster, developers often have to sacrifice the quality of the software. Such compromised practice results in the increasing burden to developers in future development. The metaphor, technical debt, describes such practice.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Jiakun Liu , Qiao Huang , Xin Xia , Emad Shihab , David Lo , Shanping Li

Technical Debts (TD) are problems of the internal software quality. They are often contracted due to tight project deadlines, for example quick fixes and workarounds, and can make future changes more costly or impossible. TD prevention…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Marion Wiese , Matthias Riebisch , Julian Schwarze

Technical debt (TD) refers to delayed tasks and immature artifacts that may bring short-term benefits but incur extra costs of change during maintenance and evolution in the long term. TD has been extensively studied in the past decade, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zengyang Li , Yilin Peng , Peng Liang , Apostolos Ampatzoglou , Ran Mo , Hui Liu , Xiaoxiao Qi

Context. Detecting Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) is crucial for proactive software maintenance. Previous research has primarily targeted detecting and prioritizing SATD, with little focus on the source code afflicted with SATD. Our…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Murali Sridharan , Mikel Robredo , Leevi Rantala , Matteo Esposito , Valentina Lenarduzzi , Mika Mantyla

Background: With the rising popularity of Artificial Intelligence (AI), there is a growing need to build large and complex AI-based systems in a cost-effective and manageable way. Like with traditional software, Technical Debt (TD) will…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Justus Bogner , Roberto Verdecchia , Ilias Gerostathopoulos

Upon evolving their software, organizations and individual developers have to spend a substantial effort to pay back technical debt, i.e., the fact that software is released in a shape not as good as it should be, e.g., in terms of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Antonio Mastropaolo , Massimiliano Di Penta , Gabriele Bavota

Dockerfiles enable the creation of portable container-based execution environments for the application code, and have become an important part of the modern software development process. As Dockerfiles are a form of Infrastructure-as-Code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Wei Minn , Yan Naing Tun , Biniam Fesseha Demissie , Rui'ang Hu , Jiakun Liu , Mariano Ceccato , Lwin Khin Shar , David Lo

The development of Machine Learning (ML)- and, more recently, of Deep Learning (DL)-intensive systems requires suitable choices, e.g., in terms of technology, algorithms, and hyper-parameters. Such choices depend on developers' experience,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Federica Pepe , Fiorella Zampetti , Antonio Mastropaolo , Gabriele Bavota , Massimiliano Di Penta

Self-admitted technical debt (SATD) refers to a form of technical debt in which developers explicitly acknowledge and document the existence of technical shortcuts, workarounds, or temporary solutions within the codebase. Over recent years,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Edi Sutoyo , Andrea Capiluppi

Technical debt describes situations where developers write less-than-optimal code to meet project milestones. However, this debt accumulation often results in future developer effort to live with or fix these quality issues. To better…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Gregory Wilder , Riley Miyamoto , Samuel Watson , Rick Kazman , Anthony Peruma

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) refers to instances where developers knowingly introduce suboptimal solutions into code and document them, often through textual artifacts. This paper provides a comprehensive state-of-practice report on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Edi Sutoyo , Andrea Capiluppi