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Artificial intelligence is bringing ever new functionalities to the realm of mobile devices that are now considered essential (e.g., camera and voice assistants, recommender systems). Yet, operating artificial intelligence takes up a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Wander Siemers , June Sallou , Luís Cruz

In recent years, larger and deeper models are springing up and continuously pushing state-of-the-art (SOTA) results across various fields like natural language processing (NLP) and computer vision (CV). However, despite promising results,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Jingjing Xu , Wangchunshu Zhou , Zhiyi Fu , Hao Zhou , Lei Li

Background: The construction, evolution and usage of complex artificial intelligence (AI) models demand expensive computational resources. While currently available high-performance computing environments support well this complexity, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Roger Creus Castanyer , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Xavier Franch

The field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has undoubtedly received significant attention in recent years. AI is being adopted to provide solutions to problems in fields such as medicine, engineering, education, government and several other…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Emmanuel Adetiba , Temitope John , Adekunle Akinrinmade , Funmilayo Moninuola , Oladipupo Akintade , Joke Badejo

Given the growing use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) methods across all aspects of environmental sciences, it is imperative that we initiate a discussion about the ethical and responsible use of AI. In fact, much…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Amy McGovern , Imme Ebert-Uphoff , David John Gagne , Ann Bostrom

Advances in technologies like artificial intelligence and metaverse have led to a proliferation of software systems in business and everyday life. With this widespread penetration, the carbon emissions of software are rapidly growing as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Rohit Mehra , Priyavanshi Pathania , Vibhu Saujanya Sharma , Vikrant Kaulgud , Sanjay Podder , Adam P. Burden

Two of the most socially consequential issues facing today's children are the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and the rapid changes to the earth's climate. Both issues are complex and contested, and they are linked through the notable…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Aayushi Dangol , Robert Wolfe , Nisha Devasia , Mitsuka Kiyohara , Jason Yip , Julie A. Kientz

The discussion around AI-Engineering, that is, Software Engineering (SE) for AI-enabled Systems, cannot ignore a crucial class of software systems that are increasingly becoming AI-enhanced: Those used to enable or support the SE process,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Himon Thakur , Armin Moin

Reduced environmental effect, lower operating costs, and a stable and sustainable energy supply for current and future generations are the main reasons why power optimization is important. Power optimization makes ensuring that energy is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Parag Biswas , Abdur Rashid , Angona Biswas , Md Abdullah Al Nasim , Kishor Datta Gupta , Roy George

AI research is increasingly moving toward complex problem solving, where models are optimized not only for pattern recognition but for multi-step reasoning. Historically, computing's global energy footprint has been stabilized by sustained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Philipp Wiesner , Daniel W. O'Neill , Francesca Larosa , Odej Kao

The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and its progressively wider impact on many sectors across the society requires an assessment of its effect on sustainable development. Here we analyze published evidence of positive or negative…

The rapid growth in the deployment and scale of modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems has intensified concerns regarding their environmental impacts, yet we still lack a comprehensive view of where and how these impacts arise across…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Katherine Lambert , Sasha Luccioni

In the field of algorithms and data structures analysis and design, most of the researchers focus only on the space/time trade-off, and little attention has been paid to energy consumption. Moreover, most of the efforts in the field of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-11-22 José Fuentes-Sepúlveda , Susana Ladra

Large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3 and BERT have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), yet their environmental costs remain dangerously overlooked. This article critiques the sustainability of LLMs, quantifying their carbon…

Across the Artificial Intelligence (AI) lifecycle - from hardware to development, deployment, and reuse - burdens span energy, carbon, water, and embodied impacts. Cloud provider tools improve transparency but remain heterogeneous and often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Marcel Rojahn , Marcus Grum

The increasing electricity demands of personal computers, communication networks, and data centers contribute to higher atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn lead to global warming and climate change. Therefore the energy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Tom Cappendijk , Pepijn de Reus , Ana Oprescu

Programming is essential to modern scientific research, yet most scientists report inadequate training for the software development their work demands. Generative AI tools capable of code generation may support scientific programmers, but…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Gabrielle O'Brien , Alexis Parker , Nasir Eisty , Jeffrey Carver

We examine the computational energy requirements of different systems driven by the geometrical scaling law, and increasing use of Artificial Intelligence or Machine Learning (AI-ML) over the last decade. With more scientific and technology…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Sadasivan Shankar , Albert Reuther

The growth of machine learning (ML) models and associated datasets triggers a consequent dramatic increase in energy costs for the use and training of these models. In the current context of environmental awareness and global sustainability…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Gwendal Jouneaux , Jordi Cabot

Estimates of energy usage in layers of computing from devices to algorithms have been determined and analyzed. Building on the previous analysis [3], energy needed from single devices and systems including three large-scale computing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Sadasivan Shankar