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The rapid expansion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has intensified concerns about its environmental sustainability. Current assessments focus on operational carbon emissions using secondary data, overlooking impacts in other life cycle…

Growing awareness of the environmental impact of digital technologies has led to several isolated initiatives to promote sustainable practices. However, despite these efforts, the environmental footprint of generative AI, particularly in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Thomas Le Goff

Much debate nowadays is devoted to the impacts of modern information and communication technology on global carbon emissions. Green information and communication technology is a paradigm creating a sustainable and environmentally friendly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Iztok Fister , Dušan Fister , Vili Podgorelec , Iztok Fister

Sustainability encompasses three key facets: economic, environmental, and social. However, the nascent discourse that is emerging on sustainable artificial intelligence (AI) has predominantly focused on the environmental sustainability of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Pedram Bakhtiarifard , Pınar Tözün , Christian Igel , Raghavendra Selvan

Machine learning is driving development across many fields in science and engineering. A simple and efficient programming language could accelerate applications of machine learning in various fields. Currently, the programming languages…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Kaifeng Gao , Gang Mei , Francesco Piccialli , Salvatore Cuomo , Jingzhi Tu , Zenan Huo

The proliferation of software and AI comes with a hidden risk: its growing energy and carbon footprint. As concerns regarding environmental sustainability come to the forefront, understanding and optimizing how software impacts the…

The rapid technological evolution has accelerated software development for various domains and use cases, contributing to a growing share of global carbon emissions. While recent large language models (LLMs) claim to assist developers in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Pooja Rani , Jan-Andrea Bard , June Sallou , Alexander Boll , Timo Kehrer , Alberto Bacchelli

The shift from cloud-hosted Large Language Models (LLMs) to locally deployed open-source Small Language Models (SLMs) has democratized AI-assisted coding; however, it has also decentralized the environmental footprint of AI. While prompting…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Md Afif Al Mamun , Sayan Nath , Gias Uddin , Novarun Deb

Context: The increasing adoption of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies raises growing concerns about their environmental sustainability. Developing and deploying ML-enabled systems is computationally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Vincenzo De Martino , Silverio Martínez-Fernández , Fabio Palomba

Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities have increased the eagerness of companies to integrate AI into software systems. While AI can be used to have a positive impact on several dimensions of sustainability, this is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-12 Apoorva Nalini Pradeep Kumar , Justus Bogner , Markus Funke , Patricia Lago

As the performance of artificial intelligence systems has dramatically increased, so too has the environmental impact of creating these systems. While many model developers release estimates of the power consumption and carbon emissions…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jacob Morrison , Clara Na , Jared Fernandez , Tim Dettmers , Emma Strubell , Jesse Dodge

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, posing a critical challenge to the sustainability of generative AI technologies. This paper explores the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tahniat Khan , Soroor Motie , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Shaina Raza

The rapid expansion of artificial intelligence has significantly increased the electricity, water, and carbon demands of modern data centers, raising sustainability concerns. This study evaluates the environmental footprint of AI server…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Aadi Patel , Nikhil Mahalingam , Rusheen Patel

The computations required for deep learning research have been doubling every few months, resulting in an estimated 300,000x increase from 2012 to 2018 [2]. These computations have a surprisingly large carbon footprint [38]. Ironically,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-08-15 Roy Schwartz , Jesse Dodge , Noah A. Smith , Oren Etzioni

Prominent works in the field of Natural Language Processing have long attempted to create new innovative models by improving upon previous model training approaches, altering model architecture, and developing more in-depth datasets to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Vivian Liu , Yiqiao Yin

This study presents an empirical investigation into the energy consumption of Discriminative and Generative AI models within real-world MLOps pipelines. For Discriminative models, we examine various architectures and hyperparameters during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Adrián Sánchez-Mompó , Ioannis Mavromatis , Peizheng Li , Konstantinos Katsaros , Aftab Khan

The increased use of AI systems is associated with multi-faceted societal, environmental, and economic consequences. These include non-transparent decision-making processes, discrimination, increasing inequalities, rising energy consumption…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Friederike Rohde , Josephin Wagner , Andreas Meyer , Philipp Reinhard , Marcus Voss , Ulrich Petschow , Anne Mollen

The skyrocketing demand for artificial intelligence (AI) has created an enormous appetite for globally deployed power-hungry servers. As a result, the environmental footprint of AI systems has come under increasing scrutiny. More crucially,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Mohammad Hajiesmaili , Shaolei Ren , Ramesh K. Sitaraman , Adam Wierman

Technology use has grown rapidly in recent years. It is infused in virtually every aspect of organizational and individual life. This technology runs on servers, typically in data centers. As workloads grow, more serves are required. Each…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-06 Kaushik Dutta , Debra Vandermeer

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used in software engineering to generate, complete, translate, and fix code, improving developer productivity. While most research focuses on the energy consumption and carbon emissions of model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Sabiya Banu Masthan Ali , Oussema Kirmani , Aroosa Hameed , Syed Muhammad Danish , Gautam Srivastava