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Non-deterministically behaving (i.e., flaky) tests hamper regression testing as they destroy trust and waste computational and human resources. Eradicating flakiness in test suites is therefore an important goal, but automated debugging…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Martin Gruber , Gordon Fraser

Flaky tests are a common problem in software testing. They produce inconsistent results when executed multiple times on the same code, invalidating the assumption that a test failure indicates a software defect. Recent work on LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Rainer Gemulla , Marcus Kessel , Sebastian Baltes

Flaky tests are tests that nondeterministically pass and fail in unchanged code. These tests can be detrimental to developers' productivity. Particularly when tests run in continuous integration environments, the tests may be competing for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Denini Silva , Martin Gruber , Satyajit Gokhale , Ellen Arteca , Alexi Turcotte , Marcelo d'Amorim , Wing Lam , Stefan Winter , Jonathan Bell

Automated regression testing is a cornerstone of modern software development, often contributing directly to code review and Continuous Integration (CI). Yet some tests suffer from flakiness, where their outcomes vary non-deterministically.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Tao Xiao , Dong Wang , Shane McIntosh , Hideaki Hata , Yasutaka Kamei

Validation of Android apps via testing is difficult owing to the presence of flaky tests. Due to non-deterministic execution environments, a sequence of events (a test) may lead to success or failure in unpredictable ways. In this work, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Zhen Dong , Abhishek Tiwari , Xiao Liang Yu , Abhik Roychoudhury

Background. Automated test execution is an important activity to gather information about the quality of a software project. So-called flaky tests, however, negatively affect this process. Such tests fail seemingly at random without changes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Alexander Berndt , Zoltán Nochta , Thomas Bach

In recent years, software engineers have explored ways to assist quantum software programmers. Our goal in this paper is to continue this exploration and see if quantum software programmers deal with some problems plaguing classical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Lei Zhang , Mahsa Radnejad , Andriy Miranskyy

Test flakiness forms a major testing concern. Flaky tests manifest non-deterministic outcomes that cripple continuous integration and lead developers to investigate false alerts. Industrial reports indicate that on a large scale, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Sarra Habchi , Guillaume Haben , Mike Papadakis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

JavaScript packages are notoriously prone to bloat, a factor that significantly impacts the performance and maintainability of web applications. While web bundlers and tree-shaking can mitigate this issue in client-side applications,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yuxin Liu , Deepika Tiwari , Cristian Bogdan , Benoit Baudry

Background: Test flakiness is a major problem in the software industry. Flaky tests fail seemingly at random without changes to the code and thus impede continuous integration (CI). Some researchers argue that all tests can be considered…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Sebastian Baltes

Flaky tests yield inconsistent results when they are repeatedly executed on the same code revision. They interfere with automated quality assurance of code changes and hinder efficient software testing. Previous work evaluated approaches to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alexander Berndt , Vekil Bekmyradov , Rainer Gemulla , Marcus Kessel , Thomas Bach , Sebastian Baltes

Software testing is one of the very important Quality Assurance (QA) components. A lot of researchers deal with the testing process in terms of tester motivation and how tests should or should not be written. However, it is not known from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Matej Madeja , Jaroslav Porubän , Michaela Bačíková , Matúš Sulír , Ján Juhár , Sergej Chodarev , Filip Gurbáľ

Non-deterministic test behavior, or flakiness, is common and dreaded among developers. Researchers have studied the issue and proposed approaches to mitigate it. However, the vast majority of previous work has only considered…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Martin Gruber , Muhammad Firhard Roslan , Owain Parry , Fabian Scharnböck , Phil McMinn , Gordon Fraser

Dependency management in modern software development poses many challenges for developers who wish to stay up to date with the latest features and fixes whilst ensuring backwards compatibility. Project maintainers have opted for varied, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Abbas Javan Jafari , Diego Elias Costa , Rabe Abdalkareem , Emad Shihab , Nikolaos Tsantalis

Much research on software testing makes an implicit assumption that test failures are deterministic such that they always witness the presence of the same defects. However, this assumption is not always true because some test failures are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Maxime Cordy , Renaud Rwemalika , Mike Papadakis , Mark Harman

Dependencies between modules can trigger ripple effects when changes are made, making maintenance complex and costly, so minimizing these dependencies is crucial. Consequently, understanding what drives dependencies is important. One…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Zushuai Zhang , Elliott Wen , Ewan Tempero

Test flakiness, a non-deterministic behavior of builds irrelevant to code changes, is a major and continuing impediment to delivering reliable software. The very few techniques for the automated repair of test flakiness are specifically…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Yang Chen , Reyhaneh Jabbarvand

Flaky tests, tests that pass or fail nondeterministically without changes to code or environment, pose a serious threat to software reliability. While classical software engineering has developed a rich body of dynamic and static techniques…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Dongchan Kim , Hamidreza Khoramrokh , Lei Zhang , Andriy Miranskyy

Flaky tests are tests that pass and fail on different executions of the same version of a program under test. They waste valuable developer time by making developers investigate false alerts (flaky test failures). To deal with this problem,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Guillaume Haben , Sarra Habchi , Mike Papadakis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Web developers routinely rely on third-party Java-Script libraries such as jQuery to enhance the functionality of their sites. However, if not properly maintained, such dependencies can create attack vectors allowing a site to be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Tobias Lauinger , Abdelberi Chaabane , Sajjad Arshad , William Robertson , Christo Wilson , Engin Kirda