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We propose a novel output layer activation function, which we name ASTra (Asymmetric Sigmoid Transfer function), which makes the classification of minority examples, in scenarios of high imbalance, more tractable. We combine this with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 David Twomey , Denise Gorse

Class imbalance is a common challenge in machine learning and data mining, often leading to suboptimal performance in classifiers. While deep learning excels in feature extraction, its performance still deteriorates under imbalanced data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Sukumar Kishanthan , Asela Hevapathige

The activation function plays a crucial role in model optimisation, yet the optimal choice remains unclear. For example, the Sigmoid activation is the de-facto activation in balanced classification tasks, however, in imbalanced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Konstantinos Panagiotis Alexandridis , Jiankang Deng , Anh Nguyen , Shan Luo

Credit scoring models face a critical challenge: severe class imbalance, with default rates typically below 10%, which hampers model learning and predictive performance. While synthetic data augmentation techniques such as SMOTE and ADASYN…

Applications · Statistics 2025-10-22 Luis H. Chia

Credit scoring models, which are among the most potent risk management tools that banks and financial institutes rely on, have been a popular subject for research in the past few decades. Accordingly, many approaches have been developed to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-19 Mahsan Abdoli , Mohammad Akbari , Jamal Shahrabi

Class imbalance poses a major challenge for machine learning as most supervised learning models might exhibit bias towards the majority class and under-perform in the minority class. Cost-sensitive learning tackles this problem by treating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Vasileios Iosifidis , Symeon Papadopoulos , Bodo Rosenhahn , Eirini Ntoutsi

Incremental Learning (IL) allows AI systems to adapt to streamed data. Most existing algorithms make two strong hypotheses which reduce the realism of the incremental scenario: (1) new data are assumed to be readily annotated when streamed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-26 Eden Belouadah , Adrian Popescu , Umang Aggarwal , Léo Saci

This study proposes a method for imbalanced data classification based on deep probabilistic graphical models (DPGMs) to solve the problem that traditional methods have insufficient learning ability for minority class samples. To address the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Yujia Lou , Jie Liu , Yuan Sheng , Jiawei Wang , Yiwei Zhang , Yaokun Ren

Credit scoring is vital in the financial industry, assessing the risk of lending to credit card applicants. Traditional credit scoring methods face challenges with large datasets and data imbalance between creditworthy and non-creditworthy…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Kejian Tong , Zonglin Han , Yanxin Shen , Yujian Long , Yijing Wei

This article presents a new polynomial parameterized sigmoid called SIGTRON, which is an extended asymmetric sigmoid with Perceptron, and its companion convex model called SIGTRON-imbalanced classification (SIC) model that employs a virtual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Hyenkyun Woo

Imbalanced data are frequently encountered in real-world classification tasks. Previous works on imbalanced learning mostly focused on learning with a minority class of few samples. However, the notion of imbalance also applies to cases…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Yin Jin , Ningtao Wang , Ruofan Wu , Pengfei Shi , Xing Fu , Weiqiang Wang

Classification data sets with skewed class proportions are called imbalanced. Class imbalance is a problem since most machine learning classification algorithms are built with an assumption of equal representation of all classes in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Azal Ahmad Khan

Credit risk scoring must support high-stakes lending decisions where data distributions change over time, probability estimates must be reliable, and group-level fairness is required. While modern machine learning models improve default…

Risk Management · Quantitative Finance 2026-03-10 Srikumar Nayak

With growing credit card transaction volumes, the fraud percentages are also rising, including overhead costs for institutions to combat and compensate victims. The use of machine learning into the financial sector permits more effective…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Gayan K. Kulatilleke , Sugandika Samarakoon

Training models on highly unbalanced data is admitted to be a challenging task for machine learning algorithms. Current studies on deep learning mainly focus on data sets with balanced class labels or unbalanced data, but with massive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Louis Marceau , Lingling Qiu , Nick Vandewiele , Eric Charton

Class imbalance classification is a challenging research problem in data mining and machine learning, as most of the real-life datasets are often imbalanced in nature. Existing learning algorithms maximise the classification accuracy by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-05 Farshid Rayhan , Sajid Ahmed , Asif Mahbub , Md. Rafsan Jani , Swakkhar Shatabda , Dewan Md. Farid

Data in real-world application often exhibit skewed class distribution which poses an intense challenge for machine learning. Conventional classification algorithms are not effective in the case of imbalanced data distribution, and may fail…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-08 Enlu Lin , Qiong Chen , Xiaoming Qi

Credit card fraud detection based on machine learning has recently attracted considerable interest from the research community. One of the most important tasks in this area is the ability of classifiers to handle the imbalance in credit…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-04-13 Van Loi Cao , Nhien-An Le-Khac , Miguel Nicolau , Michael ONeill , James McDermott

Pseudo-labeling has proven to be a promising semi-supervised learning (SSL) paradigm. Existing pseudo-labeling methods commonly assume that the class distributions of training data are balanced. However, such an assumption is far from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Renzhen Wang , Xixi Jia , Quanziang Wang , Yichen Wu , Deyu Meng

Multimodal learning (MML) is significantly constrained by modality imbalance, leading to suboptimal performance in practice. While existing approaches primarily focus on balancing the learning of different modalities to address this issue,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 QingYuan Jiang , Longfei Huang , Yang Yang
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