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Anthropomorphisation -- the phenomenon whereby non-human entities are ascribed human-like qualities -- has become increasingly salient with the rise of large language model (LLM)-based conversational agents (CAs). Unlike earlier chatbots,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Andrea Ferrario , Rasita Vinay , Matteo Casserini , Alessandro Facchini

Chatbots' role in fostering self-reflection is now widely recognized, especially in inducing users' behavior change. While the benefits of 24/7 availability, scalability, and consistent responses have been demonstrated in contexts such as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Riku Arakawa , Hiromu Yakura

Humor is a central aspect of human communication that has not been solved for artificial agents so far. Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly able to capture implicit and contextual information. Especially, OpenAI's ChatGPT recently…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Sophie Jentzsch , Kristian Kersting

Software developers use natural language to interact not only with other humans, but increasingly also with chatbots. These interactions have different properties and flow differently based on what goal the developer wants to achieve and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Ranim Khojah , Francisco Gomes de Oliveira Neto , Philipp Leitner

Chatbots are popular for both task-oriented conversations and unstructured conversations with web users. Several different approaches to creating comedy and art exist across the field of computational creativity. Despite the popularity and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-07-04 Allison Perrone , Justin Edwards

As the wide adoption of intelligent chatbot in human daily life, user demands for such systems evolve from basic task-solving conversations to more casual and friend-like communication. To meet the user needs and build emotional bond with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-01-06 Danning Zheng , Ruihua Song , Tianran Hu , Hao Fu , Jin Zhou

Chatbots have been studied for more than half a century. With the rapid development of natural language processing (NLP) technologies in recent years, chatbots using large language models (LLMs) have received much attention nowadays.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jintang Xue , Yun-Cheng Wang , Chengwei Wei , Xiaofeng Liu , Jonghye Woo , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Large language model-based artificial conversational agents (like ChatGPT) give answers to all kinds of questions, and often enough these answers are correct. Just on the basis of that capacity alone, we may attribute knowledge to them. But…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Jan Broersen

Conversational agents have made significant progress since ELIZA, expanding their role across various domains, including healthcare, education, and customer service. As these agents become increasingly integrated into daily human…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Paulo Ricardo Knob , Leonardo Scholler , Juliano Rigatti , Soraia Raupp Musse

As chatbots increasingly blur the boundary between automated systems and human conversation, the foundations of trust in these systems warrant closer examination. While regulatory and policy frameworks tend to define trust in normative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Aditya Gulati , Nuria Oliver

Recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in mimicking fictional characters or real humans in conversational settings. However, the realism and consistency of these responses can be further enhanced by providing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Seokhoon Jeong , Assentay Makhmud

This paper investigates the ontological characterization of Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. Between inflationary and deflationary accounts, we pay special attention to their status as agents. This requires explaining in detail…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Xabier E. Barandiaran , Lola S. Almendros

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for work, personal, and therapeutic purposes, researchers have begun to investigate these models' implicit and explicit moral views. Previous work, however, focuses on asking LLMs to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Andrew J. Peterson

The recent rise in popularity of large language models (LLMs) has prompted considerable concerns about their moral capabilities. Although considerable effort has been dedicated to aligning LLMs with human moral values, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Alessio Galatolo , Luca Alberto Rappuoli , Katie Winkle , Meriem Beloucif

Conversation agents, commonly referred to as chatbots, are increasingly deployed in many domains to allow people to have a natural interaction while trying to solve a specific problem. Given their widespread use, it is important to provide…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Biplav Srivastava , Francesca Rossi , Sheema Usmani , and Mariana Bernagozzi

Chatbots are increasingly integrated into people's lives and are widely used to help people. Recently, there has also been growing interest in the reverse direction-humans help chatbots-due to a wide range of benefits including better…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Jingshu Li , Zicheng Zhu , Renwen Zhang , Yi-Chieh Lee

What can we learn about language from studying how it is used by ChatGPT and other large language model (LLM)-based chatbots? In this paper, we analyse the distinctive character of language generated by ChatGPT, in relation to questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Alessandro Trevisan , Harry Giddens , Sarah Dillon , Alan F. Blackwell

A chatbot's personality design is key to interaction quality. As chatbots evolved from rule-based systems to those powered by large language models (LLMs), evaluating the effectiveness of their personality design has become increasingly…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Huiqi Zou , Pengda Wang , Zihan Yan , Tianjun Sun , Ziang Xiao

Many people suffer from mental health problems but not everyone seeks professional help or has access to mental health care. AI chatbots have increasingly become a go-to for individuals who either have mental disorders or simply want…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-03 Aditya Naik , Jovi Thomas , Teja Sree Mandava , Himavanth Reddy Vemula

In the context of the high energy demand of large language models (LLMs) and growing concerns about global warming, there is significant demand for actionable recommendations that can help reduce emissions when utilizing such technologies.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Boris Ruf , Marcin Detyniecki