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Related papers: The Clifford hierarchy for one qubit or qudit

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There are various gate sets that can be used to describe a quantum computation. A particularly popular gate set in the literature on quantum computing consists of arbitrary single-qubit gates and 2-qubit CNOT gates. A CNOT gate is however…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-05 John van de Wetering

We study two-qubit circuits over the Clifford+CS gate set, which consists of the Clifford gates together with the controlled-phase gate CS=diag(1,1,1,i). The Clifford+CS gate set is universal for quantum computation and its elements can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-21 Andrew N. Glaudell , Neil J. Ross , Jacob M. Taylor

One of the key challenges in quantum information is coherently manipulating the quantum state. However, it is an outstanding question whether control can be realized with low error. Only gates from the Clifford group -- containing $\pi$,…

We consider the problem of fault-tolerant quantum computation in the presence of slow error diagnostics, either caused by measurement latencies or slow decoding algorithms. Our scheme offers a few improvements over previously existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-08 Christopher Chamberland , Pavithran Iyer , David Poulin

We identify a novel qudit gate which we call the $\sqrt[d]{Z}$ gate. This is an alternate generalization of the qutrit $T$ gate to any odd prime dimension $d$, in the $d^{\text{th}}$ level of the Clifford hierarchy. Using this gate which is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 Lia Yeh

Clifford gates play a role in the optimisation of Clifford+T circuits. Reducing the count and the depth of Clifford gates, as well as the optimal scheduling of T gates, influence the hardware and the time costs of executing quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-18 Alexandru Paler , Robert Basmadjian

Stabilizer circuits play an important role in quantum error correction protocols, and will be vital for ensuring fault tolerance in future quantum hardware. While stabilizer circuits are defined on the Clifford generating set, {H, S, CX},…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-01 Brendan Reid

Topological quantum codes are intrinsically fault-tolerant to local noise, and underlie the theory of topological phases of matter. We explore geometry to enhance the performance of topological quantum codes by rotating the four dimensional…

To build large-scale quantum computers while minimizing resource requirements, one may want to use high-rate quantum error-correcting codes that can efficiently encode information. However, realizing an addressable gate$\unicode{x2014}$a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-18 Theerapat Tansuwannont , Tim Chan , Ryuji Takagi

In this note we prove a necessary set of conditions which must be satisfied by any controlled gate in the qubit Clifford Hierarchy. These conditions are straightforward to derive yet quite restricting. We also extend our proofs to gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-25 Jonas T. Anderson , Matthew Weippert

The Clifford$+T$ gate set is commonly used to perform universal quantum computation. In such setup the $T$ gate is typically much more expensive to implement in a fault-tolerant way than Clifford gates. To improve the feasibility of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-27 Vivien Vandaele , Simon Martiel , Simon Perdrix , Christophe Vuillot

The non-local interactions in several quantum device architectures allow for the realization of more compact quantum encodings while retaining the same degree of protection against noise. Anticipating that short to medium-length codes will…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-05 Shubham P. Jain , Victor V. Albert

Clifford quantum circuits are elementary invertible transformations of quantum systems that map Pauli operators to Pauli operators. We study periodic one-parameter families of Clifford circuits, called loops of Clifford circuits, acting on…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-11-30 Roman Geiko , Yichen Hu

The surface code is currently the leading proposal to achieve fault-tolerant quantum computation. Among its strengths are the plethora of known ways in which fault-tolerant Clifford operations can be performed, namely, by deforming the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-26 Benjamin J. Brown , Katharina Laubscher , Markus S. Kesselring , James R. Wootton

A decision diagram (DD) is a graph-like data structure for homomorphic compression of Boolean and pseudo-Boolean functions. Over the past decades, decision diagrams have been successfully applied to verification, linear algebra, stochastic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Arend-Jan Quist , Tim Coopmans , Alfons Laarman

Reliable qubits are difficult to engineer, but standard fault-tolerance schemes use seven or more physical qubits to encode each logical qubit, with still more qubits required for error correction. The large overhead makes it hard to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-02 Rui Chao , Ben W. Reichardt

The Clifford group is the set of gates generated by the CZ gate, and the two local gates: the Hadamard and the Pi/2 phase shift gate. It is known that, for a two qubit system, the Clifford group C2 is a subgroup of order 92160 of the group…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-12 Oscar Perdomo , Reilly Ratcliffe

Arbitrarily accurate fault-tolerant (FT) universal quantum computation can be carried out using the Clifford gates Z, S, CNOT plus the non-Clifford T gate. Moreover, a recent improvement of the Solovay-Kitaev theorem by Kuperberg implies…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-02 H. F. Chau

We have generalized the well-known statement that the Clifford group is a unitary 3-design into symmetric cases by extending the notion of unitary design. Concretely, we have proven that a symmetric Clifford group is a symmetric unitary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-27 Yosuke Mitsuhashi , Nobuyuki Yoshioka

We describe a concrete device roadmap towards a fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture based on noise-resilient, topologically protected Majorana-based qubits. Our roadmap encompasses four generations of devices: a single-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 David Aasen , Morteza Aghaee , Zulfi Alam , Mariusz Andrzejczuk , Andrey Antipov , Mikhail Astafev , Lukas Avilovas , Amin Barzegar , Bela Bauer , Jonathan Becker , Juan M. Bello-Rivas , Umesh Bhaskar , Alex Bocharov , Srini Boddapati , David Bohn , Jouri Bommer , Parsa Bonderson , Jan Borovsky , Leo Bourdet , Samuel Boutin , Tom Brown , Gary Campbell , Lucas Casparis , Srivatsa Chakravarthi , Rui Chao , Benjamin J. Chapman , Sohail Chatoor , Anna Wulff Christensen , Patrick Codd , William Cole , Paul Cooper , Fabiano Corsetti , Ajuan Cui , Wim van Dam , Tareq El Dandachi , Sahar Daraeizadeh , Adrian Dumitrascu , Andreas Ekefjärd , Saeed Fallahi , Luca Galletti , Geoff Gardner , Raghu Gatta , Haris Gavranovic , Michael Goulding , Deshan Govender , Flavio Griggio , Ruben Grigoryan , Sebastian Grijalva , Sergei Gronin , Jan Gukelberger , Jeongwan Haah , Marzie Hamdast , Esben Bork Hansen , Matthew Hastings , Sebastian Heedt , Samantha Ho , Justin Hogaboam , Laurens Holgaard , Kevin Van Hoogdalem , Jinnapat Indrapiromkul , Henrik Ingerslev , Lovro Ivancevic , Sarah Jablonski , Thomas Jensen , Jaspreet Jhoja , Jeffrey Jones , Kostya Kalashnikov , Ray Kallaher , Rachpon Kalra , Farhad Karimi , Torsten Karzig , Seth Kimes , Vadym Kliuchnikov , Maren Elisabeth Kloster , Christina Knapp , Derek Knee , Jonne Koski , Pasi Kostamo , Jamie Kuesel , Brad Lackey , Tom Laeven , Jeffrey Lai , Gijs de Lange , Thorvald Larsen , Jason Lee , Kyunghoon Lee , Grant Leum , Kongyi Li , Tyler Lindemann , Marijn Lucas , Roman Lutchyn , Morten Hannibal Madsen , Nash Madulid , Michael Manfra , Signe Brynold Markussen , Esteban Martinez , Marco Mattila , Jake Mattinson , Robert McNeil , Antonio Rodolph Mei , Ryan V. Mishmash , Gopakumar Mohandas , Christian Mollgaard , Michiel de Moor , Trevor Morgan , George Moussa , Anirudh Narla , Chetan Nayak , Jens Hedegaard Nielsen , William Hvidtfelt Padkær Nielsen , Frédéric Nolet , Mike Nystrom , Eoin O'Farrell , Keita Otani , Adam Paetznick , Camille Papon , Andres Paz , Karl Petersson , Luca Petit , Dima Pikulin , Diego Olivier Fernandez Pons , Sam Quinn , Mohana Rajpalke , Alejandro Alcaraz Ramirez , Katrine Rasmussen , David Razmadze , Ben Reichardt , Yuan Ren , Ken Reneris , Roy Riccomini , Ivan Sadovskyy , Lauri Sainiemi , Juan Carlos Estrada Saldaña , Irene Sanlorenzo , Simon Schaal , Emma Schmidgall , Cristina Sfiligoj , Marcus P. da Silva , Shilpi Singh , Sarat Sinha , Mathias Soeken , Patrick Sohr , Tomas Stankevic , Lieuwe Stek , Patrick Strøm-Hansen , Eric Stuppard , Aarthi Sundaram , Henri Suominen , Judith Suter , Satoshi Suzuki , Krysta Svore , Sam Teicher , Nivetha Thiyagarajah , Raj Tholapi , Mason Thomas , Dennis Tom , Emily Toomey , Josh Tracy , Matthias Troyer , Michelle Turley , Matthew D. Turner , Shivendra Upadhyay , Ivan Urban , Alexander Vaschillo , Dmitrii Viazmitinov , Dominik Vogel , Zhenghan Wang , John Watson , Alex Webster , Joseph Weston , Timothy Williamson , Georg W. Winkler , David J. van Woerkom , Brian Paquelet Wütz , Chung Kai Yang , Richard Yu , Emrah Yucelen , Jesús Herranz Zamorano , Roland Zeisel , Guoji Zheng , Justin Zilke , Andrew Zimmerman