Roadmap to fault tolerant quantum computation using topological qubit arrays
Abstract
We describe a concrete device roadmap towards a fault-tolerant quantum computing architecture based on noise-resilient, topologically protected Majorana-based qubits. Our roadmap encompasses four generations of devices: a single-qubit device that enables a measurement-based qubit benchmarking protocol; a two-qubit device that uses measurement-based braiding to perform single-qubit Clifford operations; an eight-qubit device that can be used to show an improvement of a two-qubit operation when performed on logical qubits rather than directly on physical qubits; and a topological qubit array supporting lattice surgery demonstrations on two logical qubits. Devices that enable this path require a superconductor-semiconductor heterostructure that supports a topological phase, quantum dots and coupling between those quantum dots that can create the appropriate loops for interferometric measurements, and a microwave readout system that can perform fast, low-error single-shot measurements. We describe the key design components of these qubit devices, along with the associated protocols for demonstrations of single-qubit benchmarking, Clifford gate execution, quantum error detection, and quantum error correction, which differ greatly from those in more conventional qubits. Finally, we comment on implications and advantages of this architecture for utility-scale quantum computation.
Cite
@article{arxiv.2502.12252,
title = {Roadmap to fault tolerant quantum computation using topological qubit arrays},
author = {David Aasen and Morteza Aghaee and Zulfi Alam and Mariusz Andrzejczuk and Andrey Antipov and Mikhail Astafev and Lukas Avilovas and Amin Barzegar and Bela Bauer and Jonathan Becker and Juan M. Bello-Rivas and Umesh Bhaskar and Alex Bocharov and Srini Boddapati and David Bohn and Jouri Bommer and Parsa Bonderson and Jan Borovsky and Leo Bourdet and Samuel Boutin and Tom Brown and Gary Campbell and Lucas Casparis and Srivatsa Chakravarthi and Rui Chao and Benjamin J. Chapman and Sohail Chatoor and Anna Wulff Christensen and Patrick Codd and William Cole and Paul Cooper and Fabiano Corsetti and Ajuan Cui and Wim van Dam and Tareq El Dandachi and Sahar Daraeizadeh and Adrian Dumitrascu and Andreas Ekefjärd and Saeed Fallahi and Luca Galletti and Geoff Gardner and Raghu Gatta and Haris Gavranovic and Michael Goulding and Deshan Govender and Flavio Griggio and Ruben Grigoryan and Sebastian Grijalva and Sergei Gronin and Jan Gukelberger and Jeongwan Haah and Marzie Hamdast and Esben Bork Hansen and Matthew Hastings and Sebastian Heedt and Samantha Ho and Justin Hogaboam and Laurens Holgaard and Kevin Van Hoogdalem and Jinnapat Indrapiromkul and Henrik Ingerslev and Lovro Ivancevic and Sarah Jablonski and Thomas Jensen and Jaspreet Jhoja and Jeffrey Jones and Kostya Kalashnikov and Ray Kallaher and Rachpon Kalra and Farhad Karimi and Torsten Karzig and Seth Kimes and Vadym Kliuchnikov and Maren Elisabeth Kloster and Christina Knapp and Derek Knee and Jonne Koski and Pasi Kostamo and Jamie Kuesel and Brad Lackey and Tom Laeven and Jeffrey Lai and Gijs de Lange and Thorvald Larsen and Jason Lee and Kyunghoon Lee and Grant Leum and Kongyi Li and Tyler Lindemann and Marijn Lucas and Roman Lutchyn and Morten Hannibal Madsen and Nash Madulid and Michael Manfra and Signe Brynold Markussen and Esteban Martinez and Marco Mattila and Jake Mattinson and Robert McNeil and Antonio Rodolph Mei and Ryan V. Mishmash and Gopakumar Mohandas and Christian Mollgaard and Michiel de Moor and Trevor Morgan and George Moussa and Anirudh Narla and Chetan Nayak and Jens Hedegaard Nielsen and William Hvidtfelt Padkær Nielsen and Frédéric Nolet and Mike Nystrom and Eoin O'Farrell and Keita Otani and Adam Paetznick and Camille Papon and Andres Paz and Karl Petersson and Luca Petit and Dima Pikulin and Diego Olivier Fernandez Pons and Sam Quinn and Mohana Rajpalke and Alejandro Alcaraz Ramirez and Katrine Rasmussen and David Razmadze and Ben Reichardt and Yuan Ren and Ken Reneris and Roy Riccomini and Ivan Sadovskyy and Lauri Sainiemi and Juan Carlos Estrada Saldaña and Irene Sanlorenzo and Simon Schaal and Emma Schmidgall and Cristina Sfiligoj and Marcus P. da Silva and Shilpi Singh and Sarat Sinha and Mathias Soeken and Patrick Sohr and Tomas Stankevic and Lieuwe Stek and Patrick Strøm-Hansen and Eric Stuppard and Aarthi Sundaram and Henri Suominen and Judith Suter and Satoshi Suzuki and Krysta Svore and Sam Teicher and Nivetha Thiyagarajah and Raj Tholapi and Mason Thomas and Dennis Tom and Emily Toomey and Josh Tracy and Matthias Troyer and Michelle Turley and Matthew D. Turner and Shivendra Upadhyay and Ivan Urban and Alexander Vaschillo and Dmitrii Viazmitinov and Dominik Vogel and Zhenghan Wang and John Watson and Alex Webster and Joseph Weston and Timothy Williamson and Georg W. Winkler and David J. van Woerkom and Brian Paquelet Wütz and Chung Kai Yang and Richard Yu and Emrah Yucelen and Jesús Herranz Zamorano and Roland Zeisel and Guoji Zheng and Justin Zilke and Andrew Zimmerman},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.12252},
year = {2025}
}
Comments
v2: 12+8 pages, 9+5 figures, significant main text and appendix revisions