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The rapid rise in popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) with emerging capabilities has spurred public curiosity to evaluate and compare different LLMs, leading many researchers to propose their own LLM benchmarks. Noticing preliminary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Timothy R. McIntosh , Teo Susnjak , Nalin Arachchilage , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

Large language models (LLMs) have rapidly emerged in civil and environmental engineering (CEE) research, education, and practice as tools for project ideation, execution, and communication. However, it is unknown how prevalent LLM adoption…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Morgan D. Sanger , Brett W. Maurer

Emotion recognition in conversations (ERC) focuses on identifying emotion shifts within interactions, representing a significant step toward advancing machine intelligence. However, ERC data remains scarce, and existing datasets face…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Burak Can Kaplan , Hugo Cesar De Castro Carneiro , Stefan Wermter

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models' has underscored the need for evaluation frameworks that are globally applicable, flexible, and modular, and that support a wide range of tasks, model types, and linguistic settings. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Samridhi Raj Sinha , Rajvee Sheth , Abhishek Upperwal , Mayank Singh

The Arcade Learning Environment (ALE) is an evaluation platform that poses the challenge of building AI agents with general competency across dozens of Atari 2600 games. It supports a variety of different problem settings and it has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-04 Marlos C. Machado , Marc G. Bellemare , Erik Talvitie , Joel Veness , Matthew Hausknecht , Michael Bowling

As large language models continue to advance, their application in educational contexts remains underexplored and under-optimized. In this paper, we address this gap by introducing the first diverse benchmark tailored for educational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Bin Xu , Yu Bai , Huashan Sun , Yiguan Lin , Siming Liu , Xinyue Liang , Yaolin Li , Zhuangzhi Dong , Jingren Zhang , Yufan Deng , Xinyu Zou , Yang Gao , Heyan Huang

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have highlighted the need for robust, comprehensive, and challenging benchmarks. Yet, research on evaluating their Emotional Intelligence (EI) is considerably limited. Existing benchmarks have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-18 Sahand Sabour , Siyang Liu , Zheyuan Zhang , June M. Liu , Jinfeng Zhou , Alvionna S. Sunaryo , Juanzi Li , Tatia M. C. Lee , Rada Mihalcea , Minlie Huang

We report initial work towards constructing ecologically valid benchmarks to assess the capabilities of large multimodal models for engaging in situated collaboration. In contrast to existing benchmarks, in which question-answer pairs are…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Dan Bohus , Sean Andrist , Yuwei Bao , Eric Horvitz , Ann Paradiso

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems are a widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the industry. While many tools exist empowering developers to build their own systems, measuring their performance locally, with…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Rafael Teixeira de Lima , Shubham Gupta , Cesar Berrospi , Lokesh Mishra , Michele Dolfi , Peter Staar , Panagiotis Vagenas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable breakthroughs in reasoning, yet continue to struggle with hallucinations, logical errors, and inability to self-correct during complex multi-step tasks. Current approaches like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Lingrui Mei , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Baolong Bi , Yuyao Ge , Jun Wan , Yurong Wu , Xueqi Cheng

The discussion around AI-Engineering, that is, Software Engineering (SE) for AI-enabled Systems, cannot ignore a crucial class of software systems that are increasingly becoming AI-enhanced: Those used to enable or support the SE process,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Himon Thakur , Armin Moin

Natural Question Answering (QA) datasets play a crucial role in evaluating the capabilities of large language models (LLMs), ensuring their effectiveness in real-world applications. Despite the numerous QA datasets that have been developed…

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant energy consumption and carbon emissions, posing a critical challenge to the sustainability of generative AI technologies. This paper explores the integration of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tahniat Khan , Soroor Motie , Sedef Akinli Kocak , Shaina Raza

Automatic survey generation has emerged as a key task in scientific document processing. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in generating survey texts, the lack of standardized evaluation datasets critically hampers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Tong Bao , Mir Tafseer Nayeem , Davood Rafiei , Chengzhi Zhang

The rise of Generative AI (GAI) and Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed industrial landscapes, offering unprecedented opportunities for efficiency and innovation while raising critical ethical, regulatory, and operational…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Junfeng Jiao , Saleh Afroogh , Kevin Chen , David Atkinson , Amit Dhurandhar

Large language models of artificial intelligence (AI), such as ChatGPT, find remarkable but controversial applicability in science and research. This paper reviews epistemological challenges, ethical and integrity risks in science conduct…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Evangelos Pournaras

The exponential growth of AI in science necessitates efficient and scalable solutions for retrieving and preserving research information. Here, we present a tool for the development of a customized question-answer (QA) dataset, called…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Qiming Liu , Zhongzheng Niu , Siting Liu , Mao Tian

This paper describes the E2E data, a new dataset for training end-to-end, data-driven natural language generation systems in the restaurant domain, which is ten times bigger than existing, frequently used datasets in this area. The E2E…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Jekaterina Novikova , Ondřej Dušek , Verena Rieser

Generative AI-powered by Large Language Models (LLMs)-is increasingly deployed in industry across healthcare decision support, financial analytics, enterprise retrieval, and conversational automation, where reliability, efficiency, and cost…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Abdullah Mohammad , Sushant Kumar Ray , Pushkar Arora , Rafiq Ali , Ebad Shabbir , Gautam Siddharth Kashyap , Jiechao Gao , Usman Naseem

Natural language generation models are computer systems that generate coherent language when prompted with a sequence of words as context. Despite their ubiquity and many beneficial applications, language generation models also have the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-25 Amin Rasekh , Ian Eisenberg