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This study evaluates a smartphone-based, deep-learning eye-tracking algorithm by comparing its performance against a commercial infrared-based eye tracker, the Tobii Pro Nano. The aim is to investigate the feasibility of appearance-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Nishan Gunawardena , Gough Yumu Lui , Bahman Javadi , Jeewani Anupama Ginige

Accessing visual information is crucial yet challenging for people with low vision due to visual conditions like low visual acuity and limited visual fields. However, unlike blind people, low vision people have and prefer using their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Ru Wang , Ruijia Chen , Anqiao Erica Cai , Zhiyuan Li , Sanbrita Mondal , Yuhang Zhao

Appearance-based gaze estimation aims to predict the 3D eye gaze direction from a single image. While recent deep learning-based approaches have demonstrated excellent performance, they usually assume one calibrated face in each input image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Mingfang Zhang , Yunfei Liu , Feng Lu

User experience research often uses surveys and interviews, which may miss subconscious user interactions. This study explores eye-tracking and biometric feedback as tools to assess user engagement and cognitive load in digital interfaces.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Aaditya Shankar Majumder

Accurately drawing non-planar 3D curves in immersive Virtual Reality (VR) is indispensable for many precise 3D tasks. However, due to lack of physical support, limited depth perception, and the non-planar nature of 3D curves, it is…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Chen Chen , Matin Yarmand , Zhuoqun Xu , Varun Singh , Yang Zhang , Nadir Weibel

Efficient text entry remains a primary bottleneck preventing Virtual Reality (VR) from evolving into a viable productivity platform. To address this, we conducted an empirical comparison of six physical input systems across three…

We aim to ask and answer an essential question "how quickly do we react after observing a displayed visual target?" To this end, we present psychophysical studies that characterize the remarkable disconnect between human saccadic behaviors…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Budmonde Duinkharjav , Praneeth Chakravarthula , Rachel Brown , Anjul Patney , Qi Sun

Although eye-tracking technology is being integrated into more VR and MR headsets, the true potential of eye tracking in enhancing user interactions within XR settings remains relatively untapped. Presently, one of the most prevalent gaze…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Naveen Sendhilnathan , Ajoy S. Fernandes , Michael J. Proulx , Tanya R. Jonker

Recent research proposed gaze-assisted gestures to enhance interaction within virtual reality (VR), providing opportunities for people with motor impairments to experience VR. Compared to people with other motor impairments, those with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Jingze Tian , Yingna Wang , Keye Yu , Liyi Xu , Junan Xie , Franklin Mingzhe Li , Yafeng Niu , Mingming Fan

This paper introduces neck-mounted view gaze estimation, a new task that estimates user gaze from the neck-mounted camera perspective. Prior work on egocentric gaze estimation, which predicts device wearer's gaze location within the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Haoyu Huang , Yoichi Sato

Previous studies have illustrated the potential of analysing gaze behaviours in collaborative learning to provide educationally meaningful information for students to reflect on their learning. Over the past decades, machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Junyuan Liang , Qi Zhou , Sahan Bulathwela , Mutlu Cukurova

Gaze-tracking is a novel way of interacting with computers which allows new scenarios, such as enabling people with motor-neuron disabilities to control their computers or doctors to interact with patient information without touching screen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Jatin Sharma , Jon Campbell , Pete Ansell , Jay Beavers , Christopher O'Dowd

Gaze prediction plays a critical role in Virtual Reality (VR) applications by reducing sensor-induced latency and enabling computationally demanding techniques such as foveated rendering, which rely on anticipating user attention. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Christos Petrou , Harris Partaourides , Athanasios Balomenos , Yannis Kopsinis , Sotirios Chatzis

Human eye gaze plays a significant role in many virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) applications, such as gaze-contingent rendering, gaze-based interaction, or eye-based activity recognition. However, prior works on gaze analysis and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Zhiming Hu , Jiahui Xu , Syn Schmitt , Andreas Bulling

In this paper, we present an analysis of eye gaze patterns pertaining to visual cues in augmented reality (AR) for head-mounted displays (HMDs). We conducted an experimental study involving a picking and assembly task, which was guided by…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Arne Seeliger , Gerrit Merz , Christian Holz , Stefan Feuerriegel

Humans utilize their gaze to concentrate on essential information while perceiving and interpreting intentions in videos. Incorporating human gaze into computational algorithms can significantly enhance model performance in video…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Suleyman Ozdel , Yao Rong , Berat Mert Albaba , Yen-Ling Kuo , Xi Wang , Enkelejda Kasneci

Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly used in neuropsychological assessments due to its ability to simulate real-world environments. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the Trail Making Test in VR (TMT-VR) and investigate the effects of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Evgenia Giatzoglou , Panagiotis Vorias , Ryan Kemm , Irene Karayianni , Chrysanthi Nega , Panagiotis Kourtesis

State-of-the-art appearance-based gaze estimation methods, usually based on deep learning techniques, mainly rely on static features. However, temporal trace of eye gaze contains useful information for estimating a given gaze point. For…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-26 Cristina Palmero , Oleg V. Komogortsev , Sachin S. Talathi

Nowadays, cars offer many possibilities to explore the world around you by providing location-based information displayed on a 2D-Map. However, this information is often only available to front-seat passengers while being restricted to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Robin Connor Schramm , Markus Sasalovici , Axel Hildebrand , Ulrich Schwanecke

Artificial Intelligence is being employed by humans to collaboratively solve complicated tasks for search and rescue, manufacturing, etc. Efficient teamwork can be achieved by understanding user preferences and recommending different…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Lakshita Dodeja , Pradyumna Tambwekar , Erin Hedlund-Botti , Matthew Gombolay