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Vision Transformers (ViTs) have achieved impressive performance on various vision tasks, yet their generalization under distribution shifts (DS) is rarely understood. In this work, we comprehensively study the out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Chongzhi Zhang , Mingyuan Zhang , Shanghang Zhang , Daisheng Jin , Qiang Zhou , Zhongang Cai , Haiyu Zhao , Xianglong Liu , Ziwei Liu

Vision transformers (ViTs) have gained increasing popularity as they are commonly believed to own higher modeling capacity and representation flexibility, than traditional convolutional networks. However, it is questionable whether such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Tianlong Chen , Zhenyu Zhang , Yu Cheng , Ahmed Awadallah , Zhangyang Wang

Token compression techniques have recently emerged as powerful tools for accelerating Vision Transformer (ViT) inference in computer vision. Due to the quadratic computational complexity with respect to the token sequence length, these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Phat Nguyen , Ngai-Man Cheung

Standard deep learning models such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) lack the ability of generalizing to domains which have not been seen during training. This problem is mainly due to the common but often wrong assumption of such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Mehrdad Noori , Milad Cheraghalikhani , Ali Bahri , Gustavo A. Vargas Hakim , David Osowiechi , Ismail Ben Ayed , Christian Desrosiers

Representation learning with Vision Transformers (ViTs) has advanced rapidly, yet the utility of large-scale models in spatially sensitive tasks is hindered by spurious tokens. Prior efforts to mitigate this have been limited, often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Congpei Qiu , Zhaoyu Hu , Wei Ke , Zhuotao Tian , Yanhao Wu , Tong Zhang

Vision Transformers (ViTs) are widely adopted in medical imaging tasks, and some existing efforts have been directed towards vision-language training for Chest X-rays (CXRs). However, we envision that there still exists a potential for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Umar Marikkar , Sara Atito , Muhammad Awais , Adam Mahdi

Visual Place Recognition (VPR) refers to the process of using computer vision to recognize the position of the current query image. Due to the significant changes in appearance caused by season, lighting, and time spans between query images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Xuan Yu , Zhenyong Fu

Vision Transformer (ViT) has achieved remarkable success due to its large-scale pretraining on general domains, but it still faces challenges when applying it to downstream distant domains that have only scarce training data, which gives…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Shuai Yi , Yixiong Zou , Yuhua Li , Ruixuan Li

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) methods facilitate knowledge transfer from a labeled source domain to an unlabeled target domain, navigating the obstacle of domain shift. While Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are a staple in UDA,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Gauransh Sawhney , Daksh Dave , Adeel Ahmed , Jiechao Gao , Khalid Saleem

In recent years, vision transformers (ViTs) have emerged as powerful and promising techniques for computer vision tasks such as image classification, object detection, and segmentation. Unlike convolutional neural networks (CNNs), which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Shaibal Saha , Lanyu Xu

Vision transformers (ViTs) that model an image as a sequence of partitioned patches have shown notable performance in diverse vision tasks. Because partitioning patches eliminates the image structure, to reflect the order of patches, ViTs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Bum Jun Kim , Hyeyeon Choi , Hyeonah Jang , Sang Woo Kim

Mixup-based augmentation has been found to be effective for generalizing models during training, especially for Vision Transformers (ViTs) since they can easily overfit. However, previous mixup-based methods have an underlying prior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Jie-Neng Chen , Shuyang Sun , Ju He , Philip Torr , Alan Yuille , Song Bai

Vision Transformers (ViT) have been shown to attain highly competitive performance for a wide range of vision applications, such as image classification, object detection and semantic image segmentation. In comparison to convolutional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-24 Andreas Steiner , Alexander Kolesnikov , Xiaohua Zhai , Ross Wightman , Jakob Uszkoreit , Lucas Beyer

The emergence of vision transformers (ViTs) in image classification has shifted the methodologies for visual representation learning. In particular, ViTs learn visual representation at full receptive field per layer across all the image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Li Zhang , Jiachen Lu , Sixiao Zheng , Xinxuan Zhao , Xiatian Zhu , Yanwei Fu , Tao Xiang , Jianfeng Feng , Philip H. S. Torr

Vision Transformers (ViTs) with self-attention modules have recently achieved great empirical success in many vision tasks. Due to non-convex interactions across layers, however, theoretical learning and generalization analysis is mostly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Hongkang Li , Meng Wang , Sijia Liu , Pin-yu Chen

Non-overlapping patch-wise convolution is the default image tokenizer for all state-of-the-art vision Transformer (ViT) models. Even though many ViT variants have been proposed to improve its efficiency and accuracy, little research on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Zhenhai Zhu , Radu Soricut

Vision transformers have demonstrated remarkable success in classification by leveraging global self-attention to capture long-range dependencies. However, this same mechanism can obscure fine-grained spatial details crucial for tasks such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Sina Hajimiri , Farzad Beizaee , Fereshteh Shakeri , Christian Desrosiers , Ismail Ben Ayed , Jose Dolz

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have recently become the state-of-the-art across many computer vision tasks. In contrast to convolutional networks (CNNs), ViTs enable global information sharing even within shallow layers of a network, i.e.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Jongwoo Park , Kumara Kahatapitiya , Donghyun Kim , Shivchander Sudalairaj , Quanfu Fan , Michael S. Ryoo

Deep neural networks have demonstrated prominent capacities for image classification tasks in a closed set setting, where the test data come from the same distribution as the training data. However, in a more realistic open set scenario,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Feiyang Cai , Zhenkai Zhang , Jie Liu , Xenofon Koutsoukos

Vision Transformers naturally accommodate sparsity, yet standard tokenization methods confine features to discrete patch grids. This constraint prevents models from fully exploiting sparse regimes, forcing awkward compromises. We propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Martine Hjelkrem-Tan , Marius Aasan , Gabriel Y. Arteaga , Adín Ramírez Rivera