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Since most of music has repetitive structures from motifs to phrases, repeating musical ideas can be a basic operation for music composition. The basic block that we focus on is conceptualized as loops which are essential ingredients of…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Sangjun Han , Hyeongrae Ihm , Moontae Lee , Woohyung Lim

We propose a pre-trained BERT-like model for symbolic music understanding that achieves competitive performance across a wide range of downstream tasks. To achieve this target, we design two novel pre-training objectives, namely token…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Jun-You Wang , Li Su

Most work on musical score models (a.k.a. musical language models) for music transcription has focused on describing the local sequential dependence of notes in musical scores and failed to capture their global repetitive structure, which…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-02-17 Eita Nakamura , Kazuyoshi Yoshii

We present a methodology to characterize synchronization in time series based on symbolic representations. A symbol is linked to a sequence of numbers through the rank-order of its values. A representation of a time series results after…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2009-11-13 Roberto Monetti , Wolfram Bunk , Ferdinand Jamitzky

Moonbeam is a transformer-based foundation model for symbolic music, pretrained on a large and diverse collection of MIDI data totaling 81.6K hours of music and 18 billion tokens. Moonbeam incorporates music-domain inductive biases by…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Zixun Guo , Simon Dixon

We investigate the problem of transforming an input sequence into a high-dimensional output sequence in order to transcribe polyphonic audio music into symbolic notation. We introduce a probabilistic model based on a recurrent neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-12-11 Nicolas Boulanger-Lewandowski , Yoshua Bengio , Pascal Vincent

State-of-the-art symbolic music generation models have recently achieved remarkable output quality, yet explicit control over compositional features, such as tonal tension, remains challenging. We propose a novel approach that integrates a…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Maral Ebrahimzadeh , Gilberto Bernardes , Sebastian Stober

Automatic piano transcription models are typically evaluated using simple frame- or note-wise information retrieval (IR) metrics. Such benchmark metrics do not provide insights into the transcription quality of specific musical aspects such…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Patricia Hu , Lukáš Samuel Marták , Carlos Cancino-Chacón , Gerhard Widmer

Symbolic music segmentation is the process of dividing symbolic melodies into smaller meaningful groups, such as melodic phrases. We proposed an unsupervised method for segmenting symbolic music. The proposed model is based on an ensemble…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Shahaf Bassan , Yossi Adi , Jeffrey S. Rosenschein

In recent years, deep learning has achieved formidable results in creative computing. When it comes to music, one viable model for music generation are Transformer based models. However, while transformers models are popular for music…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Gabriel Souza , Flavio Figueiredo , Alexei Machado , Deborah Guimarães

The field of Automatic Music Generation has seen significant progress thanks to the advent of Deep Learning. However, most of these results have been produced by unconditional models, which lack the ability to interact with their users, not…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Pedro Neves , Jose Fornari , João Florindo

Transformer-based language models often achieve strong results on mathematical reasoning benchmarks while remaining fragile on basic numerical understanding and arithmetic operations. A central limitation is that numbers are processed as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Andreea Dutulescu , Stefan Ruseti , Mihai Dascalu

Progress in the task of symbolic music generation may be lagging behind other tasks like audio and text generation, in part because of the scarcity of symbolic training data. In this paper, we leverage the greater scale of audio music data…

Discrete representation learning has shown promising results across various domains, including generation and understanding in image, speech and language. Inspired by these advances, we propose MuseTok, a tokenization method for symbolic…

This study focuses on the perception of music performances when contextual factors, such as room acoustics and instrument, change. We propose to distinguish the concept of "performance" from the one of "interpretation", which expresses the…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Federico Simonetta , Federico Avanzini , Stavros Ntalampiras

Symbolic Music Emotion Recognition(SMER) is to predict music emotion from symbolic data, such as MIDI and MusicXML. Previous work mainly focused on learning better representation via (mask) language model pre-training but ignored the…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Jibao Qiu , C. L. Philip Chen , Tong Zhang

Tokenization is a fundamental component of large language models (LLMs), yet its influence on model scaling and performance is not fully explored. In this paper, we introduce Over-Tokenized Transformers, a novel framework that decouples…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Hongzhi Huang , Defa Zhu , Banggu Wu , Yutao Zeng , Ya Wang , Qiyang Min , Xun Zhou

Modelling musical structure is vital yet challenging for artificial intelligence systems that generate symbolic music compositions. This literature review dissects the evolution of techniques for incorporating coherent structure, from…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Keshav Bhandari , Simon Colton

Despite recent achievements of deep learning automatic music generation algorithms, few approaches have been proposed to evaluate whether a single-track music excerpt is composed by automatons or Homo sapiens. To tackle this problem, we…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Mingshuo Ding , Yinghao Ma

This paper explores a variety of models for frame-based music transcription, with an emphasis on the methods needed to reach state-of-the-art on human recordings. The translation-invariant network discussed in this paper, which combines a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-15 John Thickstun , Zaid Harchaoui , Dean Foster , Sham M. Kakade